lEx  HtbrtB 


SEYMOUR  DURST 


When  you  leave,  please  leave  this  book 

Because  it  has  been  said 
"Sver'tbincj  comes  t'  him  who  waits 

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Avery  Architectural  and  Fine  Arts  Library 
Gift  of  Seymour  B.  Durst  Old  York  Library 


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in  2013 

http://archive.org/details/historicalsouvenOOunse 


REPRODUCTION  OF  THE  FRONT  PAGE  OF  THE  NEW  YORK 
PRICES  CURRENT,  THE  NAME  OF  WHICH  WAS  CHANGED 
TO  NEW  YORK  COMMERCIAL,  NOW  IN  ITS  1I4TH  YEAR 
OF  CONTINUOUS  PUBLICATION. 


The  New-York 


Publifbed  every  TUESDAY  by  J.  ORAM, 


Prices  Current* 


No.  24,Liberty-ftrect,  near  Mr.  Carey  Dung's. 


Price  6  Centj.] 


TUESDAY.  February  23,  1796. 


[No.  9. 


CHAMBER  of  COMMERCE. 
Committee  for  Fei,  1 7^6. 

Robert  Bowse, 

joHN  Jackson, 
ohm  Shaw, 
David  Grim, 
Stephen  T11  l inc H AST. 


NElV.rORK  PRICE  of  STOCKS, 

Monday,  Feb.  21. 
U.  S.  Bank  Stock,       50  p:r  cent. 
New.  York,  39 
6  per  Cent.       .        17/10.  to  18/. 
3  per  Cent.       .  10/6. 
Deferred,       .  13/5.  to  i.'/j. 


COURSE  of  EXC1UKGE,  Feb.  22. 
BiHs  on  Leaden,  60  days  fight, 

5  per  cent,  below  par. 
On  Amfterdiro,  60  days  fight,  40 
cents  perguild.at6odayscredrt. 


Oj/icers  anil  Soldier,  Land  Warrants, 

of  the  United  Slatel. 
From 40  to  joDollarsper  100  Aires. 


From 

Ashes,  Pot, 

Ton. 

D.  C. 
187  50 

Pearl, 

187  50 

Allum, 

Cwt 

7 

Almonds,     .  : 

lb. 

'9 

Anchors, 

9 

Arrack, 

Gal. 

none. 

BACON,  . 

lb. 

1  2 

Parley,  (Scotch)  . 

none. 

Peans, 

bufli. 

>  1 2 

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bbl. 

1 1 

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1  2 

Mcl'5, 

■3 

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Gal. 

1  28 

2d  proof, 

'  37 

3d  proof, 

1  50 

4th  proof, 

1  62 

?panifh,  1  ft  proof, 
2d  proof, 

1  6 

1  1  2 

3d  proof, 
4th  proof, 

1  18 

>  44 

Brazil  Wood, 

Cwt 

12 

Braziletto,  . 

Ton. 

80 

Bread,  Pilot, 

Cwt 

10  50 

Middling, 

7  jo 

Ship, 

j 

Crackers,  - 

13  JO 

do. 

Keg 

93 

Bran,  (ftreaked 

bulb. 

Brimflone,  Roll,  - 

Cv.  1 

3 

Putter, 

lb. 

»5 

Boards,  Oak, 

Mfe. 

none. 

K.  Uiv.  Pine, 

'J 

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none. 

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'J 

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in  DOLLARS  and  CENTS,  as  per  Quantity. 

From  To 


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1  '5 
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CANDLES,  dipt, 
mould, 
Sperm. 

Capers, 
Caltor, 

Clover  S'jd,  red,  - 
Cinnair.on, 
Cheese,  Englifh,  - 
American, 
Chocolate, 
Cloves, 

Coal,  Foreign, 
Virgin  i, 
Cocoa,  Surinam, 

Ifland, 
Copper  in  lliccts, 
Copperas, 
CoHee, 
Cordage, 
Currants, 
Cotton,  Georgia, 
Bahama, 
W.  llland, 
81.  Domingo, 
Dcmarana, 
Surinam, 
Caycnr  &  Berbice, 
DUCK,  American, 
Ruflia, 
Ravens, 
RufTia  Sheetings, 
KL  AX -SEED,  - 
Kurtic,, 

Feathers,    •  • 


lb. 


lb. 
Bott 
lb. 


[lb. 


I  

IjChal 

.jC«.t 
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Jib. 

.'Cwt 

lb. 


D.  C.  D.  C. 
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20 

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do.  pickled,  • 
Salmon, 
do.  fmoaked, 
Mackarel, 
Herring*, 
I  7  Flour,  Superfine,  . 
1 1  Fir.e, 

Middling,  . 
Cornell, 
R>e, 

Butk^  heat, 
Indian  meal, 
Furs,  Otter, 
"Fifher, 
Mink, 
Martin, 
Reel  Fox,  . 
Crufs  Fox,  - 
Crey  Fox,  - 
W  ,ld  Cat,  - 
Lmifc  Cat,  . 
Murkrat, 
Racoon, 
Bcu. • 
Wolf, 
Leaver, 
DcerSkinsin  the 
hair  from  New . 
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do.  from  Carol, 
do.  fhav  d, 

j  .GENEVA,  Holland 
62 1  Calk, 


Qiur 
bbl 


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HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


OF  THE 


Hudson-Fulton  Celebration 


State  of  New  York 


FOR  THE 

Commemoration   of   the   Ter-Centexary   of   the  Discovery  of 
the  Hudson  River  by  Henry  Hudson  in  the  year  1609, 

AND    OF    THE    FIRST    USE    OF    StEAM    IN  THE 

Navigation  of  the  said  River  by 
Robert  Fulton  in  1807 

being 

A  General  Collection  of  the  Most  Interesting  Facts, 
Traditions,  Biographical  Sketches  and  Events 

PROFUSELY  ILLUSTRATED 

with  Early  Views  of  the  City 
Colored  Prints 


Seal  of  New  Amsterdam,  1654 


City   Seal.  1686 


PUBLISHED  I!Y 

NEW  YORK  COMMERCIAL 
New  York  City 
1909. 


Copyright  1909,  by 
New  York  Commercial, 
New  York 


A  Copy  of  the  Original  Contract 

between 

Henry  Hudson  and  the  Amsterdam  Chamber 

together  with  an 

Abstract  of  the  Instructions  for  the  Voyage 

by 

P.  VAN  DAM 
Counsel  for  the  Company  from  1652  to  1706 


The  contract  exists  entire,  the  instructions  in  abstract  only,  that  portion 
of  them  only  herein  given  relating  to  the  proposed  route  of  the  expedition, 
and  from  these  it  would  seem  that  the  discovery  of  the  Island  of  Manhattan 
and  the  Hudson  River,  by  the  bold  and  persistent  navigator,  was  the  result 
of  direct  disobedience  to  the  commands  of  his  most  cautious  employers.  The 
contract  made  by  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  alone  and  signed  by  two  directors 
in  its  behalf  was  concurred  in  by  the  whole  company  before  the  sailing  of 
the  expedition.  In  consequence  of  Hudson's  ignorance  of  the  Dutch  lan- 
guage, the  instrument  was  executed  on  his  part  with  the  aid  of  Jodocus 
Hondius  as  interpreter. 

Contract  with  Henry  Hudson 

"On  this  eighth  of  January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  six 
hundred  and  nine,  the  Directors  of  the  East  India  Company  of  the  Chamber 
of  Amsterdam  of  the  ten  years  reckoning  of  the  one  part,  and  Mr.  Henry 
Hudson,  Englishman,  assisted  by  Jodocus  Hondius,  of  the  other  part,  have 
agreed  in  manner  following,  to  wit:  That  the  said  Directors  shall  in  the  first 
place  equip  a  small  vessel  or  yacht  of  about  thirty  lasts*  burden,  with  which, 
well  provided  with  men,  provisions  and  other  necessaries,  the  above  named 
Hudson  shall  about  the  first  of  April,  sail,  in  order  to  search  for  a  passage 
by  the  North,  around  by  the  Xorth  side  of  Nova  Zembla,  and  shall  continue 
thus  along  that  parallel  until  he  shall  be  able  to  sail  Southward  to  the  latitude 
of  sixty  degrees.  He  shall  obtain  as  much  knowledge  of  the  lands  as  can 
be  done  without  any  considerable  loss  of  time,  and  if  it  is  possible  return 
immediately  in  order  to  make  a  faithful  report  and  relation  of  his  voyage  to 


*  Sixty  tons. 


9 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


the  Directors,  and  to  deliver  over  his  journals,  log-books  and  charts,  together 
with  an  account  of  whatsoever  which  shall  happen  to  him  during  the  voyage 
without  keeping  anything  back  ;  for  which  said  voyage  the  Directors  shall 
pay  to  the  said  Hudson,  as  well  for  his  outfit  for  the  said  voyage,  as  for  the 
support  of  his  wife  and  children,  the  sum  of  eight  hundred  guilders;!  and, 
in  case  (which  God  prevent)  he  do  not  come  back  or  arrive  hereabouts 
within  a  year,  the  Directors  shall  further  pay  to  his  wife  two  hundred  guilders 
in  cash  ;  and  thereupon  they  shall  not  be  further  liable  to  him  or  his  heirs, 
unless  he  shall  either  afterwards  or  within  the  year  arrive  and  have  found 
the  passage  good  and  suitable  for  the  Company  to  use ;  in  which  case  the 
Directors  will  reward  the  before  named  Hudson  for  his  dangers,  trouble  and 
knowledge  in  their  discretion,  with  which  the  before  mentioned  Hudson  is 
content.  And  in  case  the  Directors  think  proper  to  prosecute  and  continue 
the  same  voyage,  it  is  stipulated  and  agreed  with  the  before  named  Hudson, 
that  he  shall  make  his  residence  in  this  country  with  his  wife  and  children, 
and  shall  enter  into  the  employment  of  no  other  than  the  Company,  and  this 
at  the  discretion  of  the  Directors,  who  also  promise  to  make  him  satisfied 
and  content  for  such  further  service  in  all  justice  and  equity.  All  without 
fraud  or  evil  intent.  In  witness  of  the  truth,  two  contracts  are  made  hereof 
of  the  same  tenor  and  are  subscribed  by  both  parties,  and  also  by  Jodocus 
Hondius,  as  interpreter  and  witness.  Dated  as  above.  (Signed)  Dirk  van  Os, 
J.  Poppe,  Henry  Hudson,  (Lower  down  signed)  Jodocus  Hondius,  witness. "J 

Abstract  of  Instructions 

This  Company,  in  the  year  1609,  fitted  out  a  yacht  of  about  30  lasts 
burden,  and  engaged  a  Air.  Henry  Hudson,  an  Englishman,  and  a  skillful 
pilot,  as  master  thereof,  with  orders  to  search  for  the  aforesaid  passage  by 
the  North  and  Xortheast  above  Nova  Zembla,  toward  the  lands  or  straits  of 
Anian,  and  then  to  sail  at  least  to  the  sixtieth  degree  of  North  latitude,  when 
if  the  time  permitted  he  was  to  return  from  the  straits  of  Anian  again  to  this 
country.  And  he  was  further  ordered  by  his  instructions,  to  think  of  discov- 
ering no  other  routes  or  passages,  except  the  route  around  by  the  North  and 
Northeast  above  Nova  Zembla ;  with  this  additional  provision,  that  if  it  could 
not  be  accomplished  at  that  time,  another  route  would  be  the  subject  of 
consideration  for  another  voyage. 

t  Three  hundred  and  twenty  dollars. 

$  Jodocus  (that  is,  Joost  or  Justus)  Hondius,  who  acted  as  the  interpreter  and 
friend  of  Hudson,  on  this  occasion,  was  an  eminent  engraver  of  maps,  who,  like  Plan- 
cius,  was  a  Fleming  by  birth,  and  had  fled  from  his  country  during  the  revolutionary 
troubles.  He  first  went  to  London,  and  established  himself  there  in  business,  but 
afterwards  removed  to  Amsterdam,  which  for  many  years  both  before  that  time  and 
afterwards  was  a  great  centre  of  map-making;  and  where  he  died  two  years  after  the 
above  document  was  signed.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Henry  Hondius,  who  also 
became  eminent  in  the  map  business. 

The  baptismal  name  of  Hudson,  both  in  the  body  of  the  instrument  and  in  the 
signature,  in  the  Dutch  copy,  is  spelt  in  plain  English,  Henry.  The  practice  in 
America  of  giving  it  the  Dutch  etymology,  Hendrik,  is  therefore  more  honored  in  the 
breach  than  in  the  observance. 


10 


HUDSON'  -  FULTO  N    CELEBRAT 1 0  X 


Account  of  Hudson's  Voyage 

The  first  account  which  appeared  in  print  of  Hudson's  voyage  for  the 
East  India  Company,  was  in  1611,  in  a  supplementary  volume  of  Emanuel 
Van  Meteren's  history  (if  the  Netherlands.  Van  Meteren  was  born  at  Ant- 
werp in  1535,  but  was  taken  at  fifteen  years  of  age  to  London  by  his  father 
to  be  brought  up  in  mercantile  pursuits.  He  was  a  relative  of  the  celebrated 
geographer,  Ortelius,  with  whom  he  traveled  over  England  and  Ireland, 
and  at  whose  suggestion  he  undertook  the  task  of  writing  a  history  of  the 
Netherlands.  He  continued  to  reside  at  London  till  his  death  on  the  18th 
of  April,  1612,  only  four  months  after  the  completion  and  publication  of  his 
work.  He  was  Consul  of  the  Netherlands  at  London  for  the  last  thirty  years 
of  his  life.  His  position,  therefore,  gave  him  especial  opportunities  to  write 
correctly  upon  a  voyage  which  in  some  measure  was  connected  both  with 
England  and  the  Netherlands.  The  first  part  of  his  history  was  published 
surreptitiously  in  Latin  and  German  in  1595  in  Germany,  whither  he  had 
sent  it  for  the  purpose  of  having  some  engravings  for  it  prepared.  He  first 
published  it  himself  in  Holland,  in  Dutch,  in  1599.  Another  edition  with 
a  continuation  appeared  in  1608;  and  the  third  in  161 1,  in  4to :  which  lie 
declares  on  the  title  contains  his  last  corrections,  and  which,  as  we  have  said, 
was,  in  fact,  the  last  edition  during  his  lifetime.  It  has,  however,  been  often 
reprinted  since,  and  has  been  translated  into  French  and  German,  and  printed 
in  those  languages.  It  is  considered  a  standard  authority,  especially  for  his 
own  time. 

His  account  of  Hudson's  discovery  of  the  great  river  appeared  in  his 
last  edition,  and  within  two  years  after  the  event.  He  wrote  it  in  England, 
and  evidently  with  the  journal  before  him  of  some  person  who  had  accom- 
panied the  expedition,  for  he  mentions  the  particular  days  of  the  arrival  of 
the  vessel  at  different  points,  corresponding  exactly  with  those  given  by  Juet 
in  his  journal,  which  was  not  then  yet  published.  It  is  not  probable  that  it 
was  one  kept  by  any  of  the  sailors,  for  some  of  the  information  which  the 
author  gives  would  not  have  been  within  the  knowledge  of  the  crew.  Nor 
was  it  Hudson's,  which,  it  may  be  reasonably  inferred,  was  sent  by  him 
directly  to  his  employers  at  the  time  when  he  was  prohibited  by  the  English 
government  from  returning  to  Holland  to  make  a  report  of  his  voyage,  inas- 
much as  we  find  it  afterward  in  De  Laet's  possession ;  and  especially  as  he 
had  stipulated  in  the  contract  to  deliver  it  up  to  them.  The  journal,  there- 
fore, which  Van  Meteren  used  was  probably  that  of  the  mate,  who,  as  he 
alone  informs  us,  was  a  Netherlander,  and  who,  by  reason  of  the  official 
position  of  the  historian  in  London,  would  be  thrown  in  communication  with 
him.  This  supposition  is,  however,  more  strongly  founded  upon  the  circum- 
stance that  the  informant  of  Van  Meteren  was  acquainted  with  the  private 
views  of  Hudson,  at  various  times  during  the  voyage,  and  afterward — a 
knowledge  not  likely  to  have  been  possessed  by  any  person  except  an  officer 
of  the  vessel:  and  upon  the  fact  that  we  are  furnished  in  this  account  with 

1 1 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


the  opinion  of  the  mate  in  favor  of  wintering  in  Newfoundland,  instead  of 
proceeding  home,  and  with  the  particular  manner  in  which  they  proposed  to 
continue  the  voyage. 

Of  the  relation  given  by  Van  Meteren,  it  will  be  observed  that  it  is  very 
particular  upon  those  points  upon  which  both  the  journal  of  Juet  and  the 
account  of  De  Laet  are  entirely  silent,  namely,  the  plans  and  purposes  of 
Hudson  during  the  voyage.  It  is  well  known  to  our  historians  and  is  quoted 
by  them.  The  original  Dutch  edition  of  1611  of  his  history,  in  which  the 
account  first  appeared,  is  entitled:  "Belgische  ofte  Nederlantsche  Oorlogen 
ende  Geschiedenissen  beginnende  van  't  jaer  1595  tot  161 1,  mede  vervatende 
enighe  gebueren  handelinghe.  Beschreven  door  Emanuel  Van  Meteren.  Bij 
hem  voor  de  leste  reyse  oversie  vefbetert  ende  vermeerdert  na  die  copie 
gedruckt  op  Schotlant  buyten  Danswyck  by  Hermes  van  Loven.  Voor  den 
Autheur  Anno  161 1."  4to,  black  letter,  folios  360,  and  table  of  contents.  It 
recommences  with  the  eighteenth  book  of  the  history,  at  the  year  1595,  where 
the  first  volume  ended,  and  concludes  with  the  thirtieth  in  the  year  1610. 
It  does  not  appear  on  the  title  where  it  was  printed ;  but  it  is  there  stated 
to  have  been  printed  according  to  the  copy  printed  at  Scotland,  outside 
Dantzick — a  nom  de  guerre.  The  place  of  publication  was  intentionally  con- 
cealed. Van  Meteren  had  given  offence  by  his  previous  volume  to  some 
distinguished  persons,  and  he  himself  in  consequence  had  actually  been 
brought  before  the  States  General,  upon  their  complaint  of  his  injustice 
toward  them ;  and  at  the  same  time,  the  copies  remaining  in  the  printer's 
hands  were  ordered  to  be  seized.  The  second  volume  was,  as  a  contempora- 
neous history,  not  likely  to  be  more  acceptable  to  some  parties  then  still  living 
than  the  former.  He  wrote,  in  fact,  under  a  strong  Protestant  bias.  This 
edition  is  said  to  have  been  printed  at  Dordrecht.  (Mr.  S.  de  Wind's 
"Bibliotheek  der  Nederlandsche  Geschiedschrijvers,"  p.  258.) 

The  relation  of  Hudson's  voyage  given  by  this  writer  has  been  reprinted 
in  Dutch  and  translated  into  the  French  and  English  languages.  It  forms 
that  part  of  the  publications  of  Joost  Hartgers,  in  1650,  and  of  Saeghman, 
in  1663,  which  describes  the  voyage  of  1609.  From  this  reprint  it  appears  to 
have  been  translated  into  French,  and  published  in  the  first  volume  of  the 
"Recueil  des  Voyages  qui  out  servi  a  l'etablissement  et  aux  progres  de  la 
Compagnie  des  Indes  Orientales,  etc.,"  121110,  Amsterdam,  1702.  Its  publica- 
tion in  English  was  made  in  "A  collection  of  Voyages,  undertaken  for  the 
improvement  of  trade  and  navigation,  etc.,"  8vo,  London,  1703.  This  last- 
mentioned  volume  is  not  only  uncommon,  but  the  translation  appears  to  have 
been  rendered  from  the  French  copy,  and  is  not  altogether  correct.  As  one 
of  the  proofs  in  our  investigation,  we  append  a  new  one  from  the  original 
and  only  Dutch  edition  of  the  author.  The  account  occurs  in  the  thirtieth 
book,  folio  327,  of  the  edition  of  161 1,  and  is  as  follows: 

"We  have  said  in  the  preceding  book  that  the  Directors  of  the  East 
India  Company  in  Holland  had  sent,  in  the  month  of  March  last  past,  in 

12 


HUDSOX-FULTOX  CELEBRATIOX 


order  to  seek  a  passage  to  China  by  the  Northwest  or  Northeast,  a  brave 
English  pilot  named  Henry  Hudson,  with  a  Ylie-boat,  and  about  eighteen 
or  twenty  men,  part  English  and  part  Dutch,  well  provided.*  This  Henry 
Hudson  sailed  from  Texel  on  the  6th  of  April,  1609,  and  doubled  the  Cape 
of  Norway  on  the  5th  of  May ;  he  laid  his  course  toward  Nova  Zembla,  along 
the  northern  coast,  but  found  the  sea  as  full  of  ice  there,  as  he  had  found  it 
the  preceding  year,  so  that  he  was  compelled  to  abandon  all  hope  for  that 
year ;  whereupon,  owing  to  the  cold  which  some  who  had  been  in  the  East 
Indies  could  not  support,  the  English  and  Dutch  fell  into  disputes  among 
themselves.  Whereupon  the  Master,  Hudson,  gave  them  their  choice 
between  two  things,  the  first  was,  to  go  to  the  coast  of  America  in  the  fortieth 
degree  of  latitude,  mostly  incited  to  this  by  letters  and  maps  which  a  certain 
Captain  Smith  had  sent  him  from  Virginia,  and  on  which  he  showed  him  a 
sea  wherein  he  might  circumnavigate  their  Southern  Colony  from  the  North, 
and  from  thence  pass  into  a  Western  sea.  If  this  had  been  true  (which  expe- 
rience up  to  the  present  time  has  shown  to  the  contrary),  it  would  have  been 
very  advantageous,  and  a  short  route  to  sail  to  the  Indies.  The  other  propo- 
sition was,  to  search  for  the  passage  by  Davis'  Straits,  to  which  at  last  they 
generally  agreed ;  and  on  the  fourteenth  they  set  sail,  and,  with  favorable 
winds,  arrived  the  last  of  May  at  the  isle  of  Faro,  where  they  stopped  only 
twenty-four  hours  to  take  in  fresh  water.  Leaving  there,  they  reached, 
on  the  eighteenth  of  July,  the  coast  of  New-France  in  latitude  forty-four, 
where  they  were  obliged  to  make  a  stay  to  replace  their  foremast  which  they 
had  lost,  and  where  they  obtained  and  rigged  one.  They  found  this  a  good 
place  for  catching  codfish,  and  also  for  carrying  on  a  traffic  for  good  skins 
and  furs,  which  they  could  obtain  for  mere  trifles  ;  but  the  sailors  behaved 
very  badly  toward  the  people  of  the  country,  taking  things  by  force,  which 
was  the  cause  of  a  strife  between  them.  The  English,  thinking  they  would 
be  overpowered  and  worsted,  were  afraid  to  enter  further  into  the  country ; 
so  they  sailed  from  there  on  the  twenty-sixth  of  July,  and  continued  at  sea 
until  the  third  of  August,  when  they  approached  the  land  in  latitude  forty- 
two.  From  thence  they  sailed  again  until  the  twelfth  of  August,  when  they 
again  approached  the  land  at  latitude  thirty-seven  and  three-quarters,  and 
kept  their  course  thence  along  it  until  they  reached  the  latitude  of  forty 
degrees  and  three-quarters,  where  they  found  a  good  entrance  between  two 
headlands.  Here  they  entered  on  the  twelfth  of  September,  and  discovered 
as  beautiful  a  river  as  could  be  found,  very  large  and  deep,  with  good  anchor- 
age on  both  shores.  They  ascended  it  with  their  large  vessel  as  high  as 
latitude  forty-two  degrees  and  forty  minutes,  and  went  still  higher  up  with 
the  ship's  boat.  At  the  entrance  of  the  river  they  had  found  the  natives  brave 
and  warlike;  but  inside,  and  up  to  the  highest  point  of  the  river,  they  found 
them  friendly  and  civil,  having  an  abundance  of  skins  and  furs,  such  as 

*  There  is  nothing  to  be  found  on  the  subject  in  the  preceding  book  or  elsewhere 
in  the  history. 


t3 


HISTORICAL  SOUVKXIR 


martens  and  foxes,  and  many  other  commodities,  birds,  fruits  and  even  white 
and  bine  grapes.  They  treated  these  people  very  civilly,  and  brought  away 
a  little  of  whatever  they  found  among  them.  After  they  had  gone  about  fifty 
leagues  np  the  river,  they  returned  on  the  fourth  of  October,  and  again  put 
to  sea.  More  could  have  been  accomplished  there  if  there  had  been  a  good 
feeling  among  the  sailors,  and  had  not  the  want  of  provisions  prevented  them. 

"At  sea  there  was  a  consultation  held  at  which  there  was  a  diversity  of 
opinion.  The  mate,  who  was  a  Dutchman,  thought  that  they  ought  to  go 
and  winter  in  Newfoundland,  and  seek  for  the  Northwest  passage  through 
Davis'  Straits.  The  master,  Hudson,  was  opposed  to  this ;  he  feared  his  crew 
would  mutiny,  because  at  times  they  had  boldly  menaced  him,  and  also 
because  they  would  be  entirely  overcome  by  the  cold  of  winter,  and  be,  after 
all,  obliged  to  return  with  many  of  the  crew  weak  and  sickly.  No  one,  how- 
ever, spoke  of  returning  home  to  Holland,  which  gave  cause  of  further 
suspicion  to  the  master.  Consequently,  he  proposed  that  they  should  go 
and  winter  in  Ireland,  to  which  they  all  agreed,  and  at  length  arrived.  Novem- 
ber 7th,  at  Dartmouth  in  England.  From  this  place  they  sent  an  account  of 
their  voyage  to  their  masters  in  Holland,  proposing  to  go  in  search  of  a 
passage  to  the  Northwest  if  they  were  furnished  with  fifteen  hundred  guilders 
in  money  to  buy  provisions,  in  addition  to  their  wages  and  what  they  had  in 
the  ship.  He  wished  to  have  some  six  or  seven  of  his  crew  changed,  making 
the  number  up  to  twenty  men,  etc.,  and  to  sail  from  Dartmouth  about  the 
first  of  March,  in  order  to  be  at  the  Northwest  by  the  end  of  that  month, 
and  there  pass  the  month  of  April  and  half  of  May  in  killing  whales  and 
other  animals  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  isle  of  Panar ;  from  there  to  go 
toward  the  Northwest  and  remain  there  till  the  middle  of  September,  and 
afterward  to  return,  by  the  northeast  of  Scotland,  again  to  Holland.  Thus 
was  the  voyage  finished  ;  but  before  the  Directors  could  be  informed  of  their 
arrival  in  England,  a  long  time  elapsed  by  reason  of  contrary  winds,  when 
at  last  they  sent  orders  for  the  ship  and  crew  to  return  at  once  to  Holland. 
And  when  this  was  about  to  be  done,  the  master,  Henry  Hudson,  was  ordered 
by  the  authorities  there  not  to  depart,  but  remain  and  do  service  for  his  own 
country,  which  was  also  required  of  the  other  Englishmen  in  the  ship.  Many, 
however,  thought  it  very  strange  that  the  Masters,  who  had  been  sent  out  for 
the  common  benefit  of  all  kinds  of  navigation,  should  not  be  permitted  to 
return  in  order  to  render  an  account  and  make  a  report  of  their  doings  and 
affairs  to  their  employers.  This  took  place  in  January,  1610.  It  was  sup- 
posed that  the  English  wished  to  send  the  same  persons  with  some  vessels 
to  Virginia  to  explore  further  the  before-mentioned  river." 


14 


s 


CHAPTER    THE  FIRST 

THE  DISCOVERY  AND  SETTLEMENT  OF 
MANHATTAN  ISLAND  AND  A  BRIEF 
HISTORY  OF  THE  CITY'S  EARLY 
GROWTH   AND    FIRST  GOVERNMENT 


IT  was  fully  two  hundred  years  after  the  discovery  of  the  Western  Conti- 
nent by  Columbus  that  the  attention  of  Europe  was  turned  to  the  north- 
ern region  of  the  new  country.    Various  expeditions  had  visited  different 
points  along  the  unexplored  coast  but  the  first  discovery  and  settlement 
01  the  island  upon  which  Xew  York  City  stands  was  by  Henry  Hudson,  an   Hudson's  First 
Englishman  by  birth,  who  in  the  year  1609  was  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch.  Discovery 

Hudson  was  in  command  of  a  small  vessel  of  eighty  tons  named  the  "Half 
Moon,"  and  was  in  search  of  a  northwest  passage  to  the  East  Indies.  On 
September  1st.  1609.  he  discovered  the  Highlands  of  Xeversink.  the  next  dav 
rounded  Sandy  Hook,  and  on  the  day  following  anchored  in  the  South  Bay. 

On  the  6th  of  September  a  boat's  crew  dispatched  by  Hudson  entered  the 
Narrows,  and  came  in  sight  of  Manhattan  Island. 

On  the  nth  of  September.  Hudson  sailed  up  through  the  Narrows  anchor- 
ing in  Xew  York  Harbor  for  a  day.  and  then  sailed  up  the  river  that  has  since 
borne  his  name,  exploring  to  the  head  of  navigation  near  the  present  site  of 
Albany,  and  on  the  4th  of  October  sailed  for  Holland  with  news  of  his  dis- 
covery. 

His  report  was  so  satisfactory  that  arrangements  were  immediatelv  made 
to  establish  a  permanent  agency  on  the  new  country  for  the  collection  of  furs 
r.nd  trading  with  the  Indians. 

The  men  employed  in  the  work  pitched  cabins  on  the  south  point  of  Manhat- 
tan Island,  the  head  man  or  superintendent  in  charge  being  Hendrick  Cor- 
stiaensen. 

In  161 3,  an  English  ship,  sailing  along  the  coast  from  Virginia,  entered 
the  harbor  on  a  visit  of  observation.    Finding  Corstiaensen  here,  with  his   pirst  Settlers 
company  of  traders,  the  English  captain  summoned  him  to  acknowledge  the  and  Early 
jurisdiction  of  Yirginia  over  the  country  or  else  to  depart.    The  former  alter-  Government 
native  was  chosen  by  the  trader,  and  he  agreed  to  pay  a  small  tribute  to  the 


♦ 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


American  Waters 


Governor  of  Virginia,  in  token  of  his  right  of  dominion.  The  Dutch  were 
i hereupon  left  to  prosecute  their  trade  without  further  molestation. 

The  government  of  Holland  did  not,  however,  recognize  the  claims  of 
England  to  jurisdiction  over  the  whole  American  coast,  and  took  measures  to 
encourage  the  discovery  and  appropriation  of  additional  territory,  by  a  decree, 
giving  to  any  discoverers  of  new  countries  the  exclusive  privilege  of  trading 
The  First  Vessel  Either  for  four  successive  voyages,  to  the  exclusive  of  all  other  persons.  This 
Ever  Built  in  enactment  induced  several  merchants  to  lit  out  five  small  ships,  for  coasting 
along  the  American  shores  in  this  vicinity.  One  of  these  vessels,  commanded 
by  Captain  Block,  soon  after  its  arrival  on  the  coast,  was  accidentally  de- 
stroyed by  fire.  Block  immediately  began  the  construction  of  another,  of 
thirty-eight  feet  keel,  forty-four  and  a  half  feet  on  deck,  and  eleven  and  a  half 
feet  beam,  which  was  the  first  vessel  launched  in  the  waters  of  Xew  York.  She 
was  called  the  "Unrest,"  or  Restless,  and  ploughed  her  keel  through  the  waters 
of  Hell  Gate  and  the  Sound,  the  pioneer  of  all  other  vessels,  except  the  bark 
canoes  of  the  aboriginal  inhabitants. 

The  Dutch  gave  the  name  "New  Netherland"  to  the  colony,  and  it  was  at 
the  period  under  the  control  of  the  United  New  Netherland  Company.  Upon 


H  U I )  SOX-  F  U  LT  O  X  CFXIiliRATIOX 


the  formation  of  the  West  India  Company  the  government  and  guidance 
passed  into  the  new  corporation's  hands,  and  it  was  decided  to  make  .Man- 
hattan Island  the  permanent  headquarters.  In  pursuance  of  this  resolve,  two 
vessels,  containing  many  families  and  numerous  head  of  cattle  were  dispatched 
here  in  1625. 

The  settlers  commenced  their  town  by  staking  out  a  Eort  mi  the  south 

point  of  the  island  under  the  direction  of  one  Kryn  Frederick,  an  engineer  sent 

along  with  them  for  that  purpose;  and  a  horse-mill  having  been  erected,  the 

second  story  of  that  building  was  so  constructed  as  to  afford  accommodation 

for  the  congregation  for  religious  purposes.    The  habitations  of  the  settlers 

.  .         .  .  Building  th< 

were  of  the  simplest  construction,  little  better,  indeed,  than  those  of  their  jjew  Town 

predecessors.    A  director-general  ha  1  been  sent  to  superintend  the  interests  of 

the  company  in  this  country,  in  the  person  of  Peter  Minuit.  who,  in  the  year 

1626,  purchased  Manhattan  Island  from  the  Indian  proprietors  for  the  sum  of 

sixty  guilders  or  twenty-four  dollars,  by  which  the  title  to  the  whole  island, 

containing  about  twenty-two  thousand  acres,  became  vested  in  the  West  India 

Company. 

The  success  of  the  company  led  many  to  turn  its  advantages  to  individual 
account,  and  in  162S  an  act  was  passed  under  the  title  of  "Freedoms  and  Ex- 
emptions granted  to  all  such  as  shall  plant  Colonies  in  New  Xetherland."  This 
edict  gave  to  such  persons  as  should  send  over  a  colony  of  fifty  souls,  above 
fifteen  years  old,  the  title  of  "patroons."  and  the  privilege  of  selecting  any 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


land,  (except  on  the  island  of  Manhattan,)  for  a  distance  of  eight  miles  on 
each  side  of  any  river,  and  so  far  inland  as  should  he  thought  convenient.  The 
company  stipulating,  however,  that  all  the  products  of  the  plantations  thus 
established  should  be  first  brought  to  the  Manhattans  before  being  sent  else- 
where, for  trade.  These  privileges  gave  an  impetus  to  emigration  and  assist- 
ed in  permanently  establishing  the  settlement  of  the  country.  From  this  era 
commenced  the  decline  of  the  profits  of  the  company,  as  with  all  their  vigi- 
lance they  could  not  restrain  the  inhabitants  from  surreptitiously  engaging  in 
trade  with  the  Indians,  and  making  the  profits  which  would  otherwise  have 
£one  into  the  company's  treasury. 


[8 


CHAPTER   THE  SECOND 

EARLY  PROGRESS  OF  THE  CITY,  THE  FIRST 
INDIAN  WAR  AND  THE  ORGANIZATION 
OF  MUNICIPAL  INSTITUTIONS 
AND     PLACES     OF  WORSHIP 


AS  the  affairs  of  the  city  began  to  assume  a  setted  condition,  the  public 
authorities  and  citizens  turned  their  attention  to  the  building  of  public 
and  private  edifices  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  colony. 

The  fort  was  probably  the  first  permanent  structure  raised  by 
the  company  on  this  island ;  the  building  erected  for  this  purpose  being  a 
1  ■lock-house,  surrounded  by  red  cedar  palisades,  constructed  in  1626.  In  1635 
a  new  fort,  on  a  larger  scale,  being  about  three  hundred  feet  long  and  two 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  wide  and  which  cost  one  thousand  six  hundred  and 
eighty-eight  dollars  was  completed. 

The  site  of  this  edifice  was  on  the  blocks  now  inclosed  by  the  streets 
called  Bowling  Green,  "Whitehall,  Bridge  and  State  streets. 

The  first  church  edifice,  built  exclusively  as  a  place  of  worship,  was  com- 
menced in  1633.    It  was  on  the  East  River,  a  short  distance  from  the  fort,  First  Place  of 
being  on  the  present  north  side  of  Pearl  Street,  about  midway  between  White-  Worship  and 
hall  and  Broad  streets.   The  structure  was  of  wood  and  after  nearly  ten  years  Burial 
of  use  the  Indian  war  of  1642  broke  out,  and  it  was  discarded  as  an  unsafe 
place  of  meeting.    A  new  church  was  then  built  within  the  walls  of  the  fort 
at  a  cost  of  $1,000. 

The  first  churchyard  was  established  on  the  west  side  of   the  present 
Broadway,  a  short  distance  above  the  hill  at  the  Bowling  Green. 

In  the  year  1642,  it  was  considered  desirable  to  afford  increased  accom- 
modation to  travelers  on  their  way  from  New  England  and  other  places,  for 
which  purpose  "a  fine  stone  tavern"  was  erected,  fronting  the  East  River.  This 
building,  which  was  among  the  first  constructed  east  of  the  present  Broad 
Street,  was  located  on  the  present  northwest  corner  of  Pearl  Street  and  Coen- 
ties  Alley.  After  the  organization  of  a  city  magistracy  in  1653,  it  was  ceded  to 
the  city,  to  be  used  for  the  purposes  of  a  "stadt  huys,"  or  city  hall,  and  was 
thus  occupied  until  the  year  1700. 

Two  principal  roads  were  established  on  this  island  at  an  early  period. 
One  extending  from  the  fort  northwards,  through  the  interior  of  the  island, 
the  present  line  of  Broadway,  and  pursuing  a  northerly  course,  on  a  ridge,  to  The  Early 
the  south  point  of  the  present  Park,  whence  it  followed  the  line  of  the  present  Roadways 
Chatham  Street  to  nearly  the  corner  of  Duane  Street.    To  avoid  the  steep  des- 

19 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


cent  there  encountered — for  a  heavy  hill  thence  descended  to  a  hrook  at  the 
present  Roosevelt  Street — it  wound  around  to  the  right,  making  a  circuit  near- 
1)  on  the  present  lines  of  Duane,  William  and  Pearl  streets  and  thence  again 
ascended  up  the  present  Chatham  Square,  which  was  formed  by  the  necessity 
of  leaving  a  wide  space  for  a  circuitous  ascent  of  the  hill.  A  handsome  and 
nearly  level  roadway,  thence  continued  on  the  present  line  of  the  Bowery. 

The  other  road  was  that  originally  leading  from  the  ferry  landing,  be- 
tween Long  Island  and  this  island.  This  ferry,  from  the  earliest  settlement, 
and  for  many  years  afterward,  was  from  the  present  landing  on  the  Brooklyn 
side,  at  Fulton  Ferry,  to  the  nearest  point  on  this  island,  which  was  at  the 
present  Peck  Slip.  Cornelius  Dircksen.  was  the  earliest  ferryman  of  whom  the 
records  speak,  and  was,  probably,  the  first  person  who  regularly  followed  that 
calling.    He  owned  considerable  land  near  Peck  Slip  in  the  year  1642. 

The  west  side  of  the  road  along  the  shore  leading  to  the  ferry  was  a  favor- 
ite  locality  for  out-of-town  residences,  it  being  an  elevated  hill,  with  a  fine 
river  prospect,  and  tolerable  soil.  Among  the  original  grantees  of  land  along 
this  section  were:  Henry  Brazier,  thirty-three  acres  near  Franklin  Square, 
adjoining  to  Wolphert's  marsh,  which  occupied  the  parts  adjacent  to  the  pres- 
ent Roosevelt  Street.  Cornelius  Dircksen,  the  ferryman,  land  near  the  present 
Peck  Slip.  David  Provoost,  Philip  De  Truy,  Cornelius  Van  Tienhoven,  Laur- 
ens Cornelisen  Vanderwel  and  Govert  Loockermans.  all  prominent  men  in 
early  times,  were  grantees  of  the  lands  between  the  ferry  and  the  present 
Maiden  Lane,  along  the  west  side  of  Pearl  Street.    It  was  not  until  the  year 


EARLY  VIEW  OF  WEST  POIXT,  I7QO 
A — Constitution  Island.    B — A  chain  450  yards  in  length. 
C — Fort  Clinton 


ji  1 


I IUDSOX-EULTON  CELEBRATION' 


1642  that  any  deeds  were  made  of  town  lots,  and  probably  no  title  for  lots  be- 
low Wall  Street  will  date  further  hack  through  individual  proprietors  than 
that  date. 

Lots  on  the  lower  part  of  Broadway,  then  called  the  "Great  Highway" 
began  to  be  laid  out  and  granted  to  individuals  in  the  year  1643. 

These  grants  were  the  first  on  Broadway,  and  some  years  elapsed  before  The  Deeding 
they  were  generally  built  upon.    It  is  evident,  however,  that  at  this  early  °*  Lots 
period,  the  speculative  value  of  property  on  that  street  was  fully  appreciated 
by  the  early  settlers,  as  not  more  than  one  or  two  of  the  original  grantees  ever 
occupied  the  property  themselves,  or  did  more  toward  improving  than  fencing 
them  in,  but  in  after  years  sold  them  to  persons  for  building  purposes. 

This  was  the  beginning  of  Broadway  in  its  character  of  a  public  street,  it 
having  previously  been  no  more  than  a  road  through  fields  owned  by  the  West 
India  Company,  under  their  Indian  title  to  the  Island. 

The  favorite  building  localities  in  the  outset  of  this  city  were  those  im- 
mediately adjacent  to  the  fort;  and  one  of  the  earliest  being  on  the  present 
line  of  Pearl  Street,  between  Whitehall  and  State  Streets.  This  had  been  oc- 
cupied from  the  time  that  the  fort  was  first  laid  out.  The  situation  was  con- 
venient for  the  kind  of  buildings  then  customary,  as  some  protection  was  af- 
forded from  the  cold  northerly  winds  by  the  walls  of  the  fort. 

In  1640,  the  relations  between  the  early  settlers  and  the  Indians  became 
strained  through  the  keen  competition  by  individual  traders,  and  this  condition 
of  affairs  soon  resulted  in  open  hostilities  and  several  murders.  Open  warfare  .pne  First 
followed  in  1642.  The  following  year  a  treaty  of  peace  was  signed,  which  was  Indian  War 
soon  broken  by  the  Indians,  and  it  was  not  until  1644,  after  several  victories  by 
the  settlers,  that  the  first  war  was  ended  and  the  struggling  colony  turned  its 
?ttention  once  more  to  peaceful  pursuits. 

In  1652,  the  town  was  incorporated  under  the  government  of  a  Sellout, 
two  Burgomasters,  and  five  Schepens. 

The  powers  of  the  Magistrates  were  well-defined  with  respect  to  their 
judicial  functions,  having  original  jurisdiction  of  civil  and  criminal  cases, 
arising  within  their  limits,  subject  to  an  appeal  from  their  judgments,  to  the 
Director  General  and  Council.  Their  municipal  powers,  however,  were  wholly 
undefined,  and  being  created  under  a  special  authority,  independent  of  the 
general  government  of  the  father-land,  they  cannot  he  said  to  have  had  any 
powers  whatever,  not  subject  to  the  controlling  voice  of  the  Director  General  Disputes631 
and  his  council;  and  this  seems  to  have  been  the  construction  put  upon  their  Were  Settled 
functions,  in  some  cases  which  brought  the  subject  under  review.  Neverthe- 
less, for  general  purposes,  it  was  conceded  that  the  town  Magistrates  were  in- 
vested with  similar  powers  to  those  of  the  like  officers  in  the  father-land  ;  and 
were  authorized  to  supervise  the  improvement  of  the  town,  to  appoint  their 
own  officers,  and  to  make  general  regulations  for  their  observance. 

The  Magistrates  were  to  be  appointed,  in  the  first  instance,  by  the  Director 


21 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


general  and  his  council,  to  hold  office  for  one  year;  and  in  course  of  time  they 
were  privileged  to  advise  the  government  as  to  the  appointment  of  their  suc- 
cessors, and  to  submit  a  nomination  for  his  consideration. 

The  separate  organization  of  the  town  being  thus  established,  it  became 
necessary  to  have  a  city  hall  or  town-house  for  the  use  of  the  magistrates, 
to  which  purpose  the  city  tavern,  which  had  been  built  by  the  government  in 
1642,  was  converted,  and  henceforth  became  known  as  the  "stadt  buys."  Court 
was  held  every  fortnight,  and  the  proceedings  were  very  simple,  the  disputants 
usually  appearing  in  person  so  that  when  Dirck  Van  Schelluyn,  a  lawyer, 
came  over  from  Holland  he  found  it  impossible  to  secure  a  lucrative  business. 


22 


CHAPTER    THE  THIRD 

HOW  THE  CITY'S  GROWTH  WAS 
RETARDED  BY  WARS  AND  RUMORS 
OF  WARS,  AND  HOW  THE  COLONISTS 
PREPARED   TO   REPEL  INVASION 


The  First  Wall 


WAR  being  declared  between  the  English  and  Dutch  nations  in  1652. 
it  was  determined  to  construct  a  line  of  defence  along  the  outskirts 
of  the  town  from  the  north  to  the  East  River,  to  meet  any  attack 
from  the  English  in  the  New  England  colonies.  Forty  of  the  prin- 
cipal citizens  offered  a  loan  of  over  two  thousand  dollars  for  this  work,  which  Around  Vhe"city 
was  commenced  April  1st,  1653,  by  the  erection  of  posts  or  palisades  twelve 
feet  in  height,  and  seven  inches  in  diameter,  set  on  the  ground  and  sided  up  on 
the  outside  with  boards.  On  the  inside  of  this  stockade  a  ditch  two  feet  wide 
and  three  feet  wide  was  dug  and  upon  the  earth  thrown  up,  the  defenders 
could  look  over  the  stockade. 

The  work  was  completed  about  the  1st  of  May,  1653.  It  extended  along 
the  East  River  shore,  from  near  the  present  head  of  Coenties  Slip,  on  the  line 
of  Pearl  Street,  and  crossed  the  cultivated  fields  to  the  North  River,  its  line 
being  marked  by  the  present  north  side  of  Wall  Street.  All  trade  and  business 
was  at  a  stand-still  during  its  progress,  every  citizen  lending  a  helping  hand. 

The  year  1653,  passed  over  without  any  attempt  having  been  made 
against  this  city,  but  with  the  opening  of  the  following  year,  the  Dutch  found 
tlie  danger  more  imminent,  as  Cromwell  had  been  persuaded  to  dispatch  a 
fleet  to  America,  consisting  of  four  ships,  the  avowed  destination  of  which  was 
against  this  city. 

The  fleet  never  reached  New  Amsterdam  harbor,  however,  as  word  was 
received  of  the  conclusion  of  a  treaty  of  peace  between  the  English  and  Dutch 
and  immediately  the  troubled  colonists  set  apart  a  day  of  thanksgiving  for  the 
happy  deliverance  from  war. 

While  relieved  of  the  apprehension  of  an  invasion  by  the  English,  the 
colonists  suffered  from  the  attacks  and  depredations  of  the  Indians,  and  it  was 
not  until  Governor  Stuyvesant  established  peace  by  giving  the  red  men  pres- 
ents instead  of  blows  that  amicable  relations  were  restored. 

The  city  at  this  time  contained  several  thoroughfares  irregularly  laid  out. 
In  1656  a  survey  was  completed  and  the  city  was  laid  down  on  a  map  and  con-  progress  0f 
firmed  by  law  "to  remain  Erom  that  time  forward  without  alteration."   At  this  the  City 
time  the  city  contained  about  a  dozen  roadways  running  from  the  fort  to  the 
sum  mndine:  country. 


23 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Early  Public 
Markets 


The  Road  to 
Harlem  and  the 
Bowery 


These  were  but  sparsely  settled,  and  at  that  time  gave  no  idea  of  what 
mighty  avenues  of  commerce  and  finance  they  were  destined  to  become. 

The  trade  at  this  period  clustered  around  the  one  wharf  of  the  town 
which  was  on  the  present  line  of  Moore  Street,  running  out  from  Pearl  Street, 
the  principal  merchants  occupying  the  present  north  side  of  Pearl  Street  be- 
tween Broad  and  Whitehall  Streets. 

In  1658  stone  pavements  were  first  laid  in  the  city.  These  pavements 
were  of  cobble  stones  with  no  footways  for  pedestrians. 

The  first  establishment  of  public  markets  may  be  set  down  at  this  period. 
Some  attempt,  without  permanent  success,  had  been  previously  made  toward 
this  object,  and  the  custom  had,  until  this  time,  commonly  prevailed  of  country 
people  bringing  their  products  to  town,  and  retailing  them  from  door  to  door, 
or  waiting  at  convenient  localities  for  transient  custom.  In  the  spirit  of  prog- 
ress, which  prevailed  in  1656,  it  was  enacted  that  "whereas,  divers  articles, 
such  as  meat,  pork,  butter,  cheese,  turnips,  cabbage,  and  other  country  pro- 
duce, are  from  time  to  time  brought  here  for  sale  by  the  people  living  in  the 
country,  and  oftentimes  wait  at  the  strand,  (foot  of  Whitehall  Street)  without 
the  people  living  out  of  that  immediate  neighborhood  knowing  that  such 
things  are  for  sale  in  town;  therefore,  it  is  ordered  that  from  this  time  for- 
ward, Saturday  in  each  week  will  be  appointed  as  market  day,  the  articles  to 
be  brought  on  the  beach,  near  Mr.  Hans  Kiersted's  house,  of  which  all  shall 
take  notice."  The  house  of  Dr.  Kiersted,  here  referred  to,  occupied  the  present 
northeast  corner  of  Pearl  and  Whitehall  Streets.  The  country  market,  or 
place  for  the  standing  of  country  wagons,  remained  at  this  place  for  many 
subsequent  years. 

In  the  year  1658,  a  meat  market  was  established,  and  a  small  house  erec- 
ted for  that  purpose  on  the  plain  in  front  of  the  fort,  or  the  present  site  of 
the  Bowling  Green;  and  in  1659  a  great  yearly  fair  for  the  sale  of  cattle  was 
established  in  this  city,  the  exchange  or  meeting-place  for  the  buyers  and 
sellers  being  at  the  present  Bowling  Green.  The  island  at  this  time,  beyond 
the  immediate  limits  of  the  city,  contained  many  farms  under  cultivation,  but 
the  greater  portion  was  without  enclosures,  and  was  used  as  commons,  the 
valuable  sites  along  the  present  Broadway  being  then  used  as  runs  for  cattle. 

The  road  to  Harlem,  in  those  times,  lay  mostly  through  the  woods,  and 
was  in  a  condition  hardly  fit  for  travel  in  many  seasons.  Some  years  subse- 
quently, (1671)  a  new  road  was  found  necessary,  the  first  having  become  im- 
passable. The  village  of  New  Harlem,  as  it  was  then  called,  was  composed  of 
a  community  of  farmers,  the  flat  and  fertile  section  in  that  vicinity  having 
been  early  chosen  as  the  most  desirable  farming  lands  on  this  island.  A  small 
tavern  stood  on  the  banks  of  Harlem  river,  from  which  boats  took  passengers 
to  the  opposite  shore.  This  tavern  was  the  occasional  point  of  excursion 
for  riding  parties  from  the  city,  and  was  generally  known  as  the  "Wedding- 
Place." 


24 


HUDSOX-FULTOX  CELKHRATIOX 


On  the  road  to  Harlem,  near  the  Governor's  farm  or  "Bouwery,"  a  small 
settlement  of  three  or  four  houses  sprung  up,  about  the  time  of  Governor  Stuy- 
vesant,  a  tavern  having'  been  set  up  there  by  a  Mr.  Jansen.  This  place  became 
a  resort  to  pedestrians  from  the  town,  the  road  having  been  handsomely  laid 
out,  of  unusual  width,  and  greatly  improved  under  Stuyvesant's  direction.  One 
or  two  small  taverns  were  on  the  road  between  the  town  and  the  "Bouwery," 
the  principal  of  which  was  that  of  W'olfert  Webber,  near  the  present  Chat- 
ham Square,  who  was,  probably,  the  earliest  settler  on  that  road  between  the 
City  and  Harlem.  Webber's  house  was  built  in  the  year  1648,  and  had  been 
the  centre  of  many  scenes  of  stirring  incident,  having  frequently  been  as- 
saulted and  robbed  in  times  of  Indian  troubles. 

The  only  other  hamlet  or  village  on  the  island  was  at  "Sapokanican," 
afterward  called  Greenwich,  and  now  in  the  Eighth  and  Ninth  Wards.  Plan- 
tations were  established  here  soon  after  the  settlement  of  the  island,  and  at 
the  time  of>  Governor  Stuyvesant,  a  few  houses  formed  a  small  village  there. 

The  West  India  Company  also  owned  several  large  farms  which  they 
had  selected  and  reserved  to  themselves,  soon  after  the  settlement  of  the 
Island.  One  of  these,  commonly  called  the  Company's  Farm,  lay  on  the  pres- 
ent west  side  of  Broadway,  between  Chambers  and  Fulton  Streets,  and  ex- 
tending to  the  North  River  shore.  It  was  confiscated  by  the  English,  and  be- 
come known  as  the  King's  farm.  It  was  subsequently  ceded  to  Trinity 
Church. 


BATTERY  AND   BOWLING  GREEN   DURING  THE  REVOLUTION 


25 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


MIDDLE  DUTCH  CHURCH   IN  OLDEN  TIMES 


CHAPTER   THE  FOURTH 

THE  CONDITION  OF  THE  CITY  AT 
THE  TIME  OF  THE  CAPITULATION 
TO  THE  ENGLISH  AND  A  HISTORY 
OF     THE     FIRST     CITY  HALL 


IN  the  year  1642  the  authorities  built  a  city  tavern.  The  site  selected  was  close 
to  the  shore  south  of  the  road  to  the  ferry  on  the  present  northwest  corner 
of  Pearl  Street  and  Coenties  Alley.  After  the  organization  of  the  city  mag- 
istracy in  1653,  this  building  was  ceded  to  the  city  for  the  purposes  of  a  city 
hall,  and  it  was  used  as  such  until  1699.  Its  principal  use  was  for  the  sittings  of 
the  Burgomasters  and  Schepens,  and  for  the  prison.  The  chamber  occupied  for 
the  sitting  of  the  magistrates  was  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the  second  story,  the 
prison  chamber  being  in  the  rear,  on  the  other  side  of  the  house,  facing  a 
yard  which  extended  to  "Hoogh  straat."  Upon  the  roof  was  a  cupola,  in  which 
was  hung  a  bell,  in  the  year  1656,  which  was  rung  for  the  assembling  of  the 
magistrates,  and  also  on  occasions  of  the  publication  of  proclamations,  which 
was  done  in  front  of  the  hall.  This  ancient  edifice,  which  was  substantially 
built  of  stone,  stood  until  the  year  1699,  nearly  sixty  years,  when  it  gave  place 
tc  the  city  hall  at  the  head  of  Broad  Street,  in  Wall  Street.  The  old  building — 
having  survived  the  nationality  of  its  founders,  and  witnessed  some  generations 
oi  their  descendants,  living  under  foreign  laws  and  speaking  a  foreign  language 
within  its  walls — was  sold,  to  one  of  the  citizens,  for  one  hundred  and  ten 
pounds  sterling;  and  probably  its  stones  are  still  to  be  discovered  in  the  founda- 
tions of  some  of  the  adjacent  buildings. 

On  the  shore  of  the  river,  other  buildings  were,  in  course  of  time,  erected, 
to  correspond  with  the  line  of  the  city  tavern,  thus  forming  the  street  called  the 
"Waal."  It  having  been  found  necessary  to  protect  the  shore  in  front  of  the 
city  hall  against  high  tides,  which  sometimes  approached  the  building,  a  stone 
wall  was  at  first  constructed,  and  the  street  filled  in.  The  tide  still  washing  be- 
tween the  crevices,  it  was  resolved,  in  1654,  to  drive  plank  into  the  shore,  and 
to  make  a  uniform  "sheet-pile"  between  Broad  Street  and  the  city  hall,  in  which 
the  individual  lot  owners  were  compelled  to  join.  This  work  was,  soon  after, 
still  further  extended,  to  Wall  Street ;  and,  in  the  year  1656,  an  ordinance  was 
adopted,  in  the  following  words:  "Whereas,  the  sheet-piling,  in  front  of  the 
city  hall  and  before  the  water-gate  on  the  East  River,  and  in  some  other  places 
thereabout,  is  finished,  and  some  is  also  begun  by  others:  therefore,  for  the 
uniformity  of  the  work,  all  who  have  houses  and  lots  between  the  city  hall  and 
the  water  gate,  are  ordered  to  line  their  banks  with  plank,  according  to  the  gen- 


The  First 
City  Hall 


27 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


eral  plan  and  survey,  to  be  completed  before  the  17th  December,  1656."  But 
even  after  this  improvement,  the  road  along  this  part  of  the  shore  was  fre- 
quently in  an  impassable  condition.  In  the  year  1671,  a  "strooke,"  or  foot  path, 
was  paved  with  stone,  from  Broad  Street  to  the  City  Hall ;  and  in  the  following 
year  it  was  resolved  that  "Whereas,  the  highway  at  the  water  side,  between  the 
City  Hall  and  Tryntje  clock,"  (at  Hanover  Square)  "is  so  washed  away  that  pas- 
sengers are  in  danger  of  mischief :  Ordered,  that  the  owners  of  property 
shall  cause  a  foot-path,  of  six  feet  wide,  to  be  made." 

The  colony  was,  until  1624,  under  the  charge  of  a  superintendent  or  head 
man,  but  in  that  year  Peter  Minuit  became  the  first  Dutch  governor  represent- 
ing the  West  Indian  Company.    In  addition  to  materially  increasing  the  business 
of  the  growing  city,  Governor  Minuit  attained  lasting  fame  by  buying  Man- 
When  the  Entire  hattan  Island,  containing  22,000  acres  for  sixty  guilders  or  $24  in  English 
For         ^°Usht  money.    He  thus  secured  realty  that  is  at  the  present  time  assessed  at  nearly 
rive  billion  dollars.    Upon  arriving  here,  Governor  Minuit  established  his  resi- 
dence in  a  block-house  on  the  south  point  of  the  island,  around  which  he  raised 
a  defence  of  red  cedar  posts  or  palisades  of  sufficient  height  to  prevent  the 
Indians  from  scaling  the  inclosure.    The  principal  incidents  of  Minuit's  history 
in  this  place  were  those  connected  with  the  trading  affairs  under  his  charge.  He, 
How  Commerce   however,  was  in  some  correspondence   respecting  the  territorial  limits  with  the 
Grew  Steadily        New  England  Pilgrims,  who  first  landed  in  that  country  during  his  administra- 
tion.   The  imports  into  New  Netherland,  in  1624,  amounted  to  ten  thousand  six 
hundred  and  fifty-four  dollars,  and  the  exports  of  skins  and  furs,  to  about 
eleven  thousand  dollars;  in  1625,  the  imports  were  three  thousand  six  hundred 


THE  TOMBS 


28 


HUDSOX-FULTON  CELEBRATION' 


and  fifty-five  dollars,  and  the  exports  fourteen  thousand  nine  hundred  and  twenty- 
four  dollars ;  in  1626,  'the  imports  were  eight  thousand  four  hundred  and  ninety- 
four  dollars,  and  the  exports  about  nineteen  thousand  dollars ;  in  1627,  the  im- 
ports were  twenty-three  thousand  four  hundred  and  four  dollars,  and  the  ex- 
ports five  thousand  and  ninety-two  dollars;  in  1631,  the  last  year  of  Minuit's 
government,  the  imports  were  about  twenty-three  thousand  dollars,  and  the  ex- 
ports twenty-seven  thousand  two  hundred  and  four  dollars. 

Governor  Minuit  was  recalled  from  the  government,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Wouter  Van  Twillcr,  who  was  in  charge  of  the  colony  until  1638,  when  he  was  ^he  Dutch 
succeeded  by  William  Kieft,  who  became  unpopular  and  was  recalled  and  Peter  ^°ver"or  of 
Stuyvesant  became  the  fourth  governor.    He  had  previously  been  the  director 
of  the  Dutch  colony  at  Curacoa,  and  having  become  involved  in  a  dispute  with 
the  neighboring  Portuguese  settlement  on  the  island  of  St.  Martin,  he  laid  seige 


New  Amsterdam 


CUSTOM  HOUSE 


29 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


to  the  capital,  and  in  the  course  of  his  operations  at  that  place,  was  wounded  in 
the  knee,  so  severely  as  to  make  amputation  necessary,  his  lost  limb  being  sup- 
plied with  a  wooden  one.  Stuyvesant  was  a  man  of  great  force  of  character, 
and  probably  the  most  fitted,  of  any  of  his  predecessors,  to  conduct  the  affairs 
of  a  remote  settlement,  where  the  machinery  of  government  was  necessarily  of  a 
very  inadequate  character  to  control  and  keep  in  order  the  elements  of  a  society 
whose  interests  were  manifestly  in  conflict  with  those  of  the  trading  company 
which  exercised  the  functions  of  government.  Like  those  of  his  predecessors, 
his  administration  was  one  of  disputation,  opposition  and  turmoil  between  the 
governors  and  the  governed ;  but  the  arbitrary  character  of  Stuyvesant  carried 
him  vigorously  through. 

In  the  year  1664,  the  city  having  capitulated  to  an  English  force.  Governor 
Stuyvesant  visited  Europe  to  confer  with  his  superiors.  He  returned  to  this 
city  in  the  year  1668,  and  lived  here  for  the  four  succeeding  years,  on  his  farm 
or  "Bouwery."  He  died  in  the  year  1671,  and  was  buried  at  his  chapel  in  the 
Bowery,  or  present  St.  Mark's  Church. 


EARLY  VIEW  OF  CITY  HALL  AND  PARK 


30 


CHAPTER   THE  FIFTH 

UNDER  ENGLISH  RULE  THE  CITY 
BECOMES  NEW  YORK  AND  THE 
DUTCH  FORM  OF  GOVERNMENT 
IS   SUPERSEDED  ^ 


AFTER  the  surrender  of  the  city  to  the  English  in  1664,  Colonel  Richard 
Nichols,  who  held  a  commission  from  the  Duke  of  York,  became 
governor.    In  order  to  eradicate  all  vestige  of  the  former  power,  he 
confiscated  the  property  of  the  West  India  Company,  but  did  not 
interfere  with  the  established  magistracy  until  June  12,  1665,  when  deeming  the 

time  to  have  arrived  when  the  English  form  of  government  could  be  introduced, 

■  ,    ,  -f.,.  •        r  t  •  ,       ,  •         ,     ,  ,  The  Dutch  Form 

without  interfering  with  the  sensibilities  ot  his  Dutch  subjects,  he  by  proclama-  Q£  Government 

tion  changed  the  name  of  the  city  to  Xew  York,  and  "revoked  and  discharged  js  Superseded 

ihe  form  and  ceremony  of  this,  his  Majesty's  town  of  Xew  York  under  the 

name  or  names,  style  or  styles,  of  Schout,  Burgomaster  or  Schepens." 

English  form  of  Municipal  Government  was  installed  and  the  first  com- 
mission issued  under  the  new  regime  was  on  the  same  day  the  government 
was  changed.  It  provides  "that  the  inhabitants  of  Xew  York,  Xew  Har- 
lem, with  all  other  his  Majesty's  subjects  and  inhabitants  upon  this  island, 
commonly  called  and  known  by  the  name  of  Manhattan  Island,  are  and  shall 
forever  be  accounted,  nominated  and  established  as  one  body  politic  and  corpo- 
rate, under  the  government  of  the  Mayor,  Aldermen  and  Sheriff,"  and  appoints, 
for  one  whole  year,  commencing  from  the  date  thereof,  certain  persons  as 
such  magistrates;  "giving  and  granting  unto  them,  or  any  four  of  them,  of 
whom  the  Mayor  or  his  deputy  to  be  always  one,  and  upon  equal  division  of 
voices,  to  have  always  the  casting  and  decisive  voice,  full  power  to  rule  and 
govern,  as  well  all  the  inhabitants  of  this  corporation,  as  any  strangers,  ac- 
cording to  the  general  laws  of  this  government,  and  such  peculiar  laws  as  are, 
cr  shall  be  thought  convenient  and  necessary  for  the  good  and  welfare  of  this 
his  majesty's  corporation ;  and  also  to  appoint  such  under  officers,  as  they  shall 
judge  necessary,  for  the  orderly  execution  of  justice."  enjoining  all  persons  to 
obey  their  lawful  orders. 

This  was  a  more  specific  grant  of  powers  than  had  hitherto  been  vested 
in  the  town  magistrates,  and  has  been  called  Nichols'  Charter.  The  bench 
of  civic  functionaries  received  the  fostering  care  of  the  Duke  of  York,  and 
assumed  many  of  the  forms  and  ceremonies  of  municipal  corporations  in  Eng- 
land. In  the  year  1670,  the  Duke  sent  the  members  seven  gowns,  to  be  worn 
on  state  occasions,  and  a  mace,  to  be  carried  by  a  mace-bearer  at  the  head  of 


31 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


The  Dutch 
Recapture 
New  York 


The  English 
Again  In 
Possession 


their  processions.  A  seal  of  the  city  was  also  presented  to  the  corporation  at  the 
same  time.  A  city  livery  was  worn  by  beadles  and  other  subordinate  officers, 
the  colors  being  blue  tipped  with  orange. 

During  the  term  of  Col.  Francis  Lovelace,  the  second  English  governor  of 
the  province,  there  was  established  a  meeting  for  merchants  on  Fridays  between 
the  hours  of  eleven  and  twelve  near  the  bridge  which  crossed  the  sewer,  near  the 
foot  of  Broad  Street.   This  was  the  site  of  the  future  exchange. 

During  the  Avar  between  England  and  Holland,  the  Dutch  availed  them- 
selves of  the  opportunity  to  endeavor  to  regain  their  lost  province,  and  fitted 
out  a  squadron  of  five  ships  to  sail  against  New  York.  On  the  29th  of  July, 
1673,  the  hostile  fleet  appeared  off  Sandy  Hook  and  efforts  were  made  to  beat 
up  recruits  for  the  defence  of  the  city.  The  effort  was  unavailing;  the  settlers 
in  the  country  refused  to  aid,  while  the  city  volunteers,  who  themselves  were 
Dutch,  went  to  work  to  spike  the  guns,  and  to  render  all  possible  assistance  to 
the  enemy.  The  fort  contained  but  about  fifty  soldiers,  most  of  whom  were 
ignorant  of  the  art  of  war,  and  the  city  was  in  a  defenceless  condition.  The  ships, 
meanwhile,  quietly  sailed  up  the  bay,  and  anchored  at  Staten  Island  on  the  30th 
inst. 

The  ships  opened  heavy  fire  on  the  fort  and  troops  being  landed,  the 
garrison  surrendered.  Having  thus  secured  repossession  of  the  city,  the  former 
municipal  government  was  restored  by  the  Dutch,  and  the  name  of  New  Orange 
was  given  to  the  city,  and  the  name  of  the  fort  was  changed  to  Fort  William 
Hendrick. 

The  new  Dutch  governor  knew  that  the  English  would  not  give  up  the 
coveted  territory  without  a  struggle,  and  precautions  were  taken  to  strengthen 
the  city  and  enable  it  to  resist  attack.  Everything  assumed  a  military  character. 
The  Commons  became  the  place  of  general  parade.  The  Schout,  at  the  head 
of  the  general  militia,  reviewed  them  every  day  before  the  stadt-huys  at  the 
head  of  Coenties  Slip.  Every  evening,  at  six,  he  received  the  keys  of  the  city 
from  the  officers  of  the  fort,  and  proceeded  with  a  guard  of  six  men  to  lock  the 
gates  and  to  place  a  sentry  of  citizens  at  the  most  exposed  points.  At  sunrise, 
he  went  the  rounds  again,  unlocked  the  gates,  and  restored  the  keys  to  the  guard 
at  the  fort. 

On  the  9th  of  February,  1674,  a  treaty  of  peace  between  England  and  the 
States  General  was  signed  at  Westminister,  which  restored  the  country  to  its 
former  possessors.  It  was  not,  however,  until  the  10th  of  November  of  the 
same  year  that  the  city  was  finally  ceded  to  the  English.  On  that  day  the  fort 
was  surrendered  and  again  became  Fort  James. 

The  English  form  of  municipal  government  was  restored  and  the  province 
thus  passed  forever  from  the  hands  of  its  Dutch  rulers,  but  many  years  elapsed 
before  the  Holland  customs  and  manners  were  uprooted  and  New  York  became 
in  truth  an  English  city. 


32 


CHAPTER    THE  SIXTH 

WHAT  CONSTITUTED  AFFLUENCE  IN  THE 
EARLY  DAYS  AND  HOW  EUROPEAN 
LUXURIES  WERE  INTRODUCED  AS  THE 
COLONISTS   ACQUIRED  WEALTH 


IN  the  beginning  of  the  settlement  of  New  Amsterdam,  the  people  had  to  adapt 
themselves  to  circumstances,  and  their  homes,  furniture  and  apparel  were 
of  the  rudest  kind,  but  the  citizens  soon  began  to  enjoy  the  comforts  of 
affluence  according  to  the  standard  of  the  times.    This,  however,  differed 
materially  from  that  of  today — a  burgher  worth  a  thousand  dollars  being  then 
esteemed  rich,  and  his  neighbor  worth  five  hundred  dollars  being  in  easy  cir- 
cumstances. 

As  the  forests  became  cleared  away,  and  the  colony  increased,  the  style  of 

living  experienced  a  material  change.    The  straw  roofs  and  wooden  chimneys 

were  deemed  unsafe,  and  Avere  ordered  to  be  removed;  and  the  settlers  com-  Tne  Modest 

menced  to  build  their  houses  of  brick  and  stone.    Bricks  were  imported  from  Homes  and 

Holland  until  some  enterprising  citizens  established  a  brick-vard  on  the  island.  c 

.  '  Surroundings 

The  northern  part  of  the  island  furnished  abundance  of  stone.  Many  of  the 
wooden  houses  had  gable  ends  of  small  black  and  yellow  Dutch  bricks,  with  the 


33 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


The  Advent  of 
the  First 
Hackney  Coach 
and  Carpets 


date  of  their  erection  inserted  in  iron  figures,  facing  the  street.  The  roofs 
were  tiled  or  shingled,  and  invariably  surmounted  with  a  weathercock.  Carriages 
were  unknown,  and  it  was  not  until  after  the  Revolution  that  these  came  into 
general  use.  Lumber  wagons  and  sleighs  were  the  only  modes  of  conveyance 
in  the  oi  l  Dutch  colony  times.  In  1696,  the  first  hackney  coach  was  introduced 
into  the  city;  later,  one  horse  chaises  came  to  be  used  by  the  wealthiest  inhabi- 
tants ;  but,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  none  but  the  royal  governors  aspired 
to  the  luxury  of  a  private  carriage. 

Carpets  were  almost  unknown  in  the  colony  up  to  the  period  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. Xow  and  then,  a  piece  of  drugget,  ostentatiously  dignified  by  the  name 
of  a  crumbcloth,  was  found  in  the  houses  of  the  wealthiest  burghers,  but  even 
these  were  not  in  general  use.  The  snow-white  floor  was  sprinkled  with  fine 
sand,  which  was  curiously  stroked  with  a  broom  into  fantastic  curves  and  angles. 
This  adornment  pertained  especially  to  the  parlor ;  a  room  that  was  only  used 
upon  state  occasions.  The  first  carpet  said  to  have  been  introduced  into  the 
city  was  found  in  the  house  of  the  pirate,  Kidd,  this  was  merely  a  good-sized 
Turkey  rug,  worth  about  twenty-five  dollars. 

The  most  ornamental  piece  of  furniture  in  the  parlor  was  usually  the  bed, 
with  its  heavy  curtains.  Mattresses  were  as  yet  unheard  of ;  in  their  stead 
was  used  a  substantial  bed  of  live  geese  feathers,  with  a  lighter  one  of  down  for 
a  covering. 

The  beds  and  pillows  were  cased  in  check  coverings :  the  sheets  were  of 


34 


Hl'DSOX-I-ULTON  CELEBRATION 


home-spun  linen,  and  over  the  whole  was  thrown  a  patch-work  bed-quilt,  made 
of  bits  of  calico  cut  in  every  conceivable  shape,  and  tortured  into  the  most 
grotesque  patterns  that  could  possibly  be  invented  by  human  ingenuity. 

In  a  corner  of  the  room  stood  a  huge  oaken,  iron-bound  chest,  filled  to  over- 
flowing with  household  linen,  spun  by  -the  feminine  part  of  the  family,  In 
another  corner  stood  the  Holland  cupboard,  with  its  glass  doors,  displaying  the 
family  plate  and  porcelain.  The  latter  was  rare,  and  kept  for  show.  Plate  was 
more  common  and  there  were  few  wealthy  families  that  had  not  their  tankards 
and  ladles  of  massive  silver,  plated  ware  being  unknown. 

Sofas,  couches,  lounges,  and  that  peculiarly  American  institution,  the  rock- 
ing-chair, were  things  unknown.  Their  best  chairs  were  of  Russia  leather, 
profusely  ornamented  with  rows  of  brass  nails,  and  so  straight  and  high-backe  1 
as  to  preclude  the  possibility  of  a  moment's  repose. 

Tables  were  not  yet  ranked  in  the  category  of  ornamental  furniture.  The 
round  tea-table,  indeed,  with  the  leaf  turning  up  perpendicularly,  like  a  Giinese 
fan,  occupied  a  conspicuous  place  in  the  corner  of  the  parlor ;  but  this  room 
was  sacred  to  the  social  gatherings,  so  much  in  vogue  among  the  Knickerbockers, 
denominated  "tea-parties,"  which  may  account  for  its  presence.  The  great, 
square  dining-table,  with  leaves  upheld  by  extended  arms,  stood  in  the  kitchen 
for  daily  use. 

Some  half-dozen  clocks  were  to  be  found  in  the  settlement,  with  about  the 
same  number  of  silver  watches ;  but  as  these  were  scarcely  ever  known  to  go, 
their  existence  was  of  very  little  consequence. 

There  waj  no  watchmaker  in  the  colony,  and  time  was  marked  by  sun-dials 
and  hour-glasses.  It  was  not  until  1720  that  corner  clocks  were  imported  by  the 
more  wealthy,  and  not  until  the  Revolution  that  clocks  came  into  general  use. 

Up  to  this  period  there  was  little  use  for  time-pieces,  however,  as  the  lives 
of  the  early  settlers  were  so  regular  as  to  make  their  use  unnecessary.  The 
model  citizen  rose  at  cock  crowing,  breakfasted  with  the  dawn  and  went  about 
their  u>ual  avocations.  When  the  sun  reached  the  "noon  mark"  dinner  was  on 
the  table,  and  when  nine  in  the  evening  came  they  regularly  said  their  prayers, 
commended  themselves  to  the  good  St.  Nicholas  and  went  to  bed. 

Books  were  rare  luxuries,  and  with  the  exception  of  the  libraries  of  the 
dominie  and  the  doctor,  bibles  and  prayer  books  was  the  only  literature 
obtainable. 

Numerous  religious  organizations  were  already  in  existence,  although  the 
Reformed  Dutch  Church  within  the  walls  of  the  fort  was  the  onlv  place  of 
worship  yet  erected.  The  other  sects,  restrained  by  the  repressive  policy  of 
Stuyvesant.  were  awaiting  the  advent  of  a  more  tolerant  government  to  erect 
church  and  chapels  of  their  own. 

An  outline  of  the  streets  of  Xcw  Amsterdam  at  the  time  of  the  surrender 
to  the  English  in  1664  will  indicate  the  genealogy  of  the  present  streets  of  the 
city. 


35 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Beginning  at  the  ferry,  along  the  road  which  led  to  the  water-gate  at  the 
eastern  extremity  of  the  city-wall,  was  the  Smit's  Vly  or  Valley,  so  called  from 
a  blacksmith's  forge  on  the  corner  of  Maiden  Lane  and  Pearl  Street.  This  road 
ran  along  the  high  water  mark,  and,  consequently,  was  only  built  upon  one  side. 

Next  came  Hoogh  Straat,  which  extended  along  the  river  shore,  the  line 
of  which  is  marked  now  by  the  north  side  of  Pearl  between  Wall  and  William 
The  Original         streets,  and  both  sides  of  Stone  between  William  and  Broad  streets.    On  the 
Streets  of  north  side  of  Pearl  between  Broad  and  William  streets,  extending  thence  along 

the  City  t]ie  s]lore  to  Wall  Street  was  the  Waal  or  "Sheet  Pile  Street"  built  to  protect  the 

City  Hall,  which  fronted  it  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Pearl  Street  and  Coenties 
Slip,  from  the  washing  of  the  tides. 

Still  continuing  on  the  road  along  the  shores  of  the  river  was  the  Water 
Side,  extending  along  the  northern  side  of  Pearl  from  Broad  Street  to  Whitehall, 
in  front  of  the  old  church,  erected  outside  the  walls  of  the  fort  for  Domine 
Bogardus  in  the  flays  of  Wouter  Van  Twiller.  This  terminated  in  Perel  Street, 
which  ran  from  Whitehall  to  State  Street.  About  the  Battery  were  a  few  scat 
tered  buildings,  among  others,  the  old  "White  Hall"  of  Governor  Stuyvesant 
which  gave  its  name  to  the  fir^t  named  street. 

Beginning  at  the  east  side  of  Whitehall  above  Stone  Street,  and  extending 
•.o  Heere  Straat  or  Broadway  was  "T'  Marckvelt,"  afterward  Marketfield  Street, 
so  called  from  the  Bowling  Green  which  fronted  it.  and  which  was  then  used 
at  stated  times  for  a  cattle  fair  or  market.  At  the  western  extremity  of  this 
street  began  Heere  Straat,  the  ancestor  of  the  present  Broadway,  which  extended 
to  the  west  or  land  gate  of  the  city  wall,  along  the  southerly  side  of  which  ran 
Wall  Street  to  the  East  River. 

In  the  interior  of  the  city,  were  the  Heere  graft,  the  inlet  from  which  sprung 
the  present  Broad  Street,  extending  from  the  river  to  Beaver  Street,  and 
the  Prince  graft,  the  continuation  of  the  same  from  Beaver  to  Garden  Street 
or  Exchange  Place,  above  which  was  an  open  common  used  as  a  sheep  pasture. 
An  open  ditch  marked  the  course  of  Beaver  graft  to  Broadway,  and  buildings 
were  erected  on  each  side  of  this. 

Beginning  at  Broad  Street  and  extending  through  Stone  to  Whitehall  streets 
was  Brouwer  or  Brewer  Street,  which  took  its  name  from  a  number  of  breweries 
located  there.  In  this  street  the  first  stone  pavements  were  laid,  and  it  thus 
acquired  its  present  name.  From  the  East  River  to  Broadway  ran  T'  Maadge 
Paatje,  or  the  Maiden's  Path. 

From  the  bridge  that  crossed  the  inlet  at  Broad  Street,  ran  Brugh  or  Bridge 
Straat,  to  Whitehall.  Beginning  in  the  middle  of  Bridge  Street  and  running  to 
some  street  parallel  with  Whitehall,  was  Winckel  Street,  upon  which  were  the 
company's  stores.  This  is  now  a  single  block,  and  Winckel  Street  has  long  ceased 
to  exist.  Last  of  all  came  Smee  Street,  on  the  line  of  William,  between  Wall 
and  Pearl  streets.  These  were  the  original  streets  and  long  continued  to  be 
ancient  landmarks 


36 


CHAPTER   THE  SEVENTH 

THE  EARLY  WATER  SUPPLY;  THE  POLICE 
REGULATIONS  OF  THE  DAY;  THE 
BUILDING  OF  TRINITY  CHURCH,  AND  THE 
FIRST  ATTEMPT  TO  LIGHT  THE  STREETS 


LIKE  all  empire  builders  the  early  settlers  of  Manhattan  Island  learned 
that  the  plastic  period  of  their  efforts  was  prolific  of  dissension  and 
discord.     They   had    defended    the    city   during   Indian   wars,  and 
threatened  invasions,  but  they  became  divided  by  a  factional  war  thai 
retarded  the  progress  of  the  city  and  led  to  the  execution  of  two  prominent  men 
who  had  been  leaders  of  the  people  against  the  established  government. 

After  the  final  occupancy  of  the  city  by  the  English  and  the  ceding  of  the 
province  to  that  nation.  Xew  York  grew  more  rapidly  and  commenced  to  take 
on  the  appearance  of  an  early  old  world  city. 

All  owners  of  vacant  lots  or  ruinous  buildings  were  directed  at  once  to 
build  upon  or  improve  them  under  penalty  of  seeing  them  sold  at  public  auction. 
The  tanpits  in  Broad  Street  were  declared  a  nuisance,  and  the  tanners  ordered 
to  remove  beyond  the  limits  of  the  city.  They  established  themselves  along 
Maiden  Lane,  which  was  then  a  marshy  valley.  A  company  of  four  shoe- 
makers, who  were  also  their  own  tanners,  purchased  a  tract  of  land  bounded  by 
Maiden  Lane,  Broadway,  Ann  Street,  and  a  line  between  W  illiam  and  Gold 
streets,  and  set  up  their  business  there.  Henceforth  this  became  known  a- 
'■'the  Shoemaker's  Land";  and  later,  in  1696,  when  Maiden  Lane  was  regulated, 
and  the  land  surveyed  and  divided  into  town  lots,  it  still  retained  its  original 
title.  The  tanners  were  eventually  driven  from  their  locality,  and  forced  to  take 
refuge  in  the  "Swamp."  in  the  vicinity  of  Ferry  Street. 

In  1 701  several  public  wells  were  dug  in  the  city.    These  were  located  in  the  The  City's  Early 
middle  of  the  streets,  and  were  especially  designed  for  security  against  fires.  Water  Supply 
Water  was  generally  scarce  and  bad.     An  occasional  spring  of  sweet  water 
was  found,  the  best  one  being  in  the  vicinity  of  the  present  corner  of  Chatham 
and  Pearl  streets,  but  the  march  of  civilization  had  not  as  yet  extended  that  far. 

In  1702  the  shipping  of  the  city  consisted  of  three  ships,  eight  sloops,  and 
seven  small  coasting  vessels.  During  this  year  the  first  Admiralty  Court  was 
established  in  the  province. 

On  the  17th  of  October.  1683,  the  first  assembly  convened  in  the  city.    Tr  The  Charter  of 
consisted  of  the  governor,  ten  councillors,  and  seventeen  representatives  elected 
by  the  people.    The  first  act  of  the  body  was  to  frame  a  Charter  of  Liberties, 
which  provided  "that  supreme  legislative  power  should  forever  reside  in  the 
governor,  council  and  people." 


Liberty  and  its 
Provisions 


37 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


New  police  regulations  were  at  once  established.  Sunday  laws  were 
New  Police  Regu  enacted ',  tavern-keepers  were  forbidden  to  sell  liquor  except  to  travellers, 
lation  and  the  citizens  to  work,  children  to  play  in  the  streets,  and  Indians  and  negroes  to 
Dongan  Charter     assemble  on  the  Sabbath. 

On  the  8th  of  December,  1683,  the  city  was  divided  into  six  wards. 
In  1686,  the  Dongan  Charter  was  granted  to  the  city.  This  instrument, 
which  still  forms  the  basis  of  the  municipal  rights  and  privileges  of  New  York, 
confirmed  the  franchises  before  enjoyed  by  the  corporation,  and  placed  the 
city  government  on  a  definite  footing.  The  governor  retained  the  appointment 
of  the  mayor,  recorder,  sheriff,  coroner,  high  constable,  town  clerk,  and  clerk  of 
ihe  market  in  his  own  hands;  leaving  the  aldermen,  assistants,  and  petty  con- 
stables to  be  chosen  by  the  people  at  the  annual  election  on  St.  Michael's  Day. 

In  the  same  year,  the  city  received  a  new  seal  from  the  home  government. 
This  still  preserved  the  beaver  of  the  Dutch  with  the  addition  of  a  flour-barrel 
and  the  arms  of  a  windmill  in  token  of  the  prevailing  commerce  of  the  city. 
The  whole  was  supported  by  two  Indian  chiefs,  and  contained  the  motto : 
Sigillum  Ch'itatis  Novi  Eboraci. 

About  this  time  Water  Street  was  extended  from  Old  Slip  to  Fulton  Street, 
and  Pine,  Cedar,  and  the  neighboring  streets  were  laid  out.  Two  markets  for 
meat  were  established,  the  one  in  Broadway,  opposite  the  fort,  and  the  other  at 
Coenties  Slip;  and  no  cattle  were  permitted  to  be  slaughtered  within  the  city 
gates. 


VIEW    OF   TAMMANY    HALL   AND   ADJOINING   BUILDINGS,  1833 


38 


HT'DSOX-FULTON    CELEBRATK  >N 


The  city  determined  to  assume  the  support  of  the  public  paupers,  and  each 
alderman  was  ordered  to  make  a  return  of  the  poor  in  his  ward.  Every  citizen 
was  directed  to  keep  the  street  clean  before  his  door. 

In  the  same  year,  it  was  decided  to  build  another  church  up-town,  and  the 
officers  of  the  church  of  St.  Nicholas  purchased  a  building-lot  in  Garden  Street, 
now  Exchange  Place,  125  feet  front  by  1S0  feet  rear,  for  which  they  paid  a 
hundred  and  eighty  pieces  of  eight,  on  which  a  church  was  soon  after  erected. 

A  pillory,  cage,  whipping-post,  and  ducking-stool  were  set  up  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  City  Hall,  and  hither  were  brought  all  vagrants,  slanderers,  pilferers, 
and  truant  children  to  be  exposed  for  public  ^how  or  chastisement. 

In  1693  William  Bradford,  a  Philadelphia  printer,  located  in  this  city,  and  ,~  First 
established  the  first  printing  press  here.    He  was  at  first  employed  by  the  city  Newspaper 
authorities  to  print  the  corporation  laws,  and  on  the  1 6th  of  October,  1725,  he  Published 
issued  a  weekly  newspaper  on  a  small   foolscap  sheet,  with  the  following 
heading:  "New  York  Gazette  from  Monday,  Oct.  J6th  to  Oct.  23d,  1725." 

In  1696,  Trinity  church  was  begun  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and 
was  completed  and  opened  for  worship  on  the  6th  of  February  of  the  following 
year  by  the  Rev.  William  Yesey.  The  church  was  a  small  square  edifice,  with  a 
very  tall  spire.  A  pew  in  it  was  appropriated  to  the  mayor  and  common  council, 
and  a  sermon  was  annually  preached  to  them  on  the  day  of  the  city  election. 
In  1703,  a  cemetery  was  donated  it  by  the  corporation,  on  condition  that  it 
should  ever  after  be  kept  neatly  fenced,  and  that  the  burial  fees  should  not 
exceed  eighteen  pence  for  children  and  three  shillings  for  adults ;  and  so  srreat  The  Building  of 
was  the  immigration  into  this  city  of  the  dead,  that,  at  the  period  of  the  r  1  y  urc 
Revolution,  its  inmates  numbered  more  than  a  hundred  and  sixty  thousand. 
The  old  graveyard  of  the  Dutch  burghers  in  Broadway  above  Morris  Street 
had,  in  1677,  been  cut  up  into  four  building  lots,  and  sold  at  auction  to  the 
highest  bidder.  In  1703,  the  King's  Farm  was  granted  to  the  church  by  Queen 
Anne,  thus  becoming  the  celebrated  Trinity  church  property.  The  church 
was  enlarged  in  1735.  and  again  in  1737,  to  meet  the  increasing  wants  of  the 
congregation,  and  thus  remained  until  it  fell  a  victim  to  the  conflagration  of 
5776.  which  laid  waste  the  greater  portion  of  the  city.  It  lay  in  ruins  until 
1788.  when  it  was  again  rebuilt,  and  consecrated  by  Bishop  Provost  in  1791. 
In  1839,  it  was  again  demolished  to  make  room  for  the  present  edifice,  which 
was  opened  in  1846. 

The  parish  was  afterward  made  to  include  St.  George's  in  Beekman  Street 
erected  in  1752;  St.  Paul's  in  Broadway,  erected  in  1766:  St.  John's  in  Yarick 
Street,  erected  in  1807,  and  Trinity  Chapel  in  Twenty-fifth  Street,  between 
Broadway  and  Sixth  Avenue,  erected  in  1854.  all  chapels  dependent  upon 
Trinity  as  the  parish  church. 

In  1696  a  contract  was  made  for  cleaning  the  streets  at  thirty  pounds 
-terling  per  annum — a  work  which  had  hitherto  been  done  by  the  citizens  them- 
selves, every  man  being  required  to  keep  the  street  clean  before  his  own  door. 

39 


IIIS'I  '  )RIC  \L    Si  )L'VEXIR 


In  1697,  the  first  attempt  at  lighting  the  streets  was  made.  This  was  done 
by  hanging  out  a  lantern  and  candle  upon  the  end  of  a  pole  from  the  window  of 
The  First  ^  ^  every  seventh  house,  on  the  nights  when  there  was  no  moon;  the  expense  being 
th^Streets  ^  'hvided  equally  among  the  seven  houses.  The  first  regular  night  watch,  con- 
sisting of  four  men,  was  established  during  the  same  year. 

Two  persons  in  each  ward  were  also  appointed  by  the  corporation  to  inspect 
every  chimney  and  hearth  once  a  week,  the  better  to  secure  the  city  against  fire. 
At  this  time  the  city  numbered  six  hundred  houses,  and  about  six  thousand  inhabi- 
tants. This  showed  a  substantial  increase  as  the  census  of  1680  had  shown  two 
hundred  and  seven  houses  and  a  population  of  but  two  thousand. 

Public  scavengers  were  employed  to  clean  the  streets,  and  all  persons  were 
directed  to  pave  before  their  houses  under  penalty  of  a  fine  of  twenty  shillings. 
A  hospital  was  established  for  the  poor  in  a  house  hired  for  the  purpose — no 
institution  of  the  kind  was  built  until  three-quarters  of  a  century  after. 

Hitherto,  there  had  been  no  free  grammar  school  in  New  York.  Various 
private  schools  had  been  set  up  from  time  to  time  under  the  supervision  and  with 
the  permission  of  the  government,  and  there  had  been  a  flourishing  classical 
school  in  the  days  of  Stuyvesant.  Owing  to  the  frequent  changes  in  the  govern- 
ment and  the  internal  disorder  of  the  city,  this  had  been  broken  up,  and  at  this 
time  education  was  at  a  very  low  ebb  in  the  city.  At  length  the  corporation  took 
the  matter  in  hand,  and,  at  a  meeting  resolved  that  there  ought  to  be  and  must 
be  a  free  grammar  school  in  the  city,  but  it  was  1705  before  the  fir<t  one  wa> 
established. 

In  strong  contrast  to  the  quiet  life  of  the  Dutch  was  the  appearance  of 


1 1 I'DSOX-Fl'  LTOX    C  EL  E I!  R  ATI  O  X 


rowdyism  in  171 1.  At  this  time  a  gang  of  men  and  boys  amused  themselves  by 
taking  midnight  rambles,  and  throwing  stones  at  the  windows  of  houses.  The 
evil  was  finally  checked  by  the  authorities,  and  was  not  repeated  for  several  years. 

In  1712  Broadway  was  levelled  above  Maiden  Lane,  and  speculators  began 
to  look  forward  to  an  increase  in  value  of  the  uptown  lots. 

In  \J2()  the  Middle  Dutch  Church  was  erected  at  Nassau  and  Liberty,  then   .  Historic 
Crown  Street.    This  edifice  was  destined  to  play  an  important  part  in  the  city's  old  Church 
history.    During  the  Revolution  it  was  converted  into  a  prison,  where  3,000 
Americans  were  confined,  and  was  subsequently  used  as  a  riding  school  by  the 
British  cavalry.    It  afterward  became  the  general  postoffice. 

During  the  year  1729  a  stage  line  was  established  between  New  York  and 
Philadelphia,  to  run  once  a  fortnight  during  the  winter  months. 

During  the  same  year  a  library  of  1,622  volumes  was  presented  to  the  city 
for  a  public  library.    This  was  added  to  by  other  donations,  and  a  charter  The  First  Public 
secured,  but  the  whole  collection  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  British  during  the  Llbrary 
Revolution,  and  the  choice  and  valuable  collection  was  almost  entirely  destroyed. 
In  1783  the  charter  was  revived,  and  the  first  public  library  became  a  permanent 
institution. 

"The  Swamp,"  in  the  vicinity  of  Ferry  Street,  a  low  piece  of  ground,  covered 
with  tangled  briers,  was  sold  in  1734  for  two  hundred  pounds  to  Jacobus  Roose- 
velt, who  laid  out  the  plot  into  fifty  lots  and  established  several  tanneries  on  it. 
This  was  indicative  of  its  future  destiny,  for  it  has  ever  since  remained  the  seat  of 
the  leather  business  of  New  York. 

On  the  west  side  of  Broadway  above  Trinity  Church  was  the  King's  Arms 
Tavern,  the  principal  inn  of  the  city.  Its  grounds  were  extensive,  running  down 
:o  the  river  and  stretching  a  considerable  distance  along  Broadway.  North  of 
this  were  the  estates  of  Van  Cortlandt  and  Dey,  and  above  these  the  old  King's 
Tarm,  which  had  originally  been  the  property  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company, 
hen,  falling,  in  1664,  into  the  hands  of  the  English  captors,  had  been  increased 
by  the  purchase  of  the  estate  of  Aneke  Jans,  and  had  afterward  been  presented 
to  Trinity  Church  by  Queen  Anne.  In  1720.  the  southern  part  of  this  farm  was 
uirveyed  and  laid  out  into  streets  which  were  named  in  honor  of  the  various 
rhurch  dignitaries.  At  this  time,  Broadway  extended  no  further  than  its  junctioi. 
with  Chatham  Street. 

In  1731.  the  city  was  divided  into  seven  wards.    In  the  same  year,  the  first  ^  p-re 
steps  were  taken  toward  organizing  a  Fire  Department  on  a  permanent  basis  Departrnent 
Hitherto,  the  means  for  extinguishing  fires  had  been  of  the  most  primitive  kind —  Organized 
1  few  leather  buckets,  a  couple  of  fire-hooks  and  poles,  and  seven  or  eight  ladders 
:onstituting  the  sum  total.     In  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  fire 
mgines  were  successfully  introduced  into  England,  and  in  1731.  the  corporation 
of  New  York  resolved  to  import  two  for  the  use  of  the  city.    In  1736,  an 
engine-house  was  built  in  Iiroad  Street,  and  in  1737  a  Fire  Department  was 
organized,  twenty-five  members  being  enrolled,  who  in  consideration  of  their 

41 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


The  Origin  of 
Newspaper 
Controversy  in 
New  York 


iervices  were  exempt  from  military  duty  or  serving  as  constables,  jurors  or 
surveyors  of  highways. 

The  first  newspaper  controversy  ever  carried  on  in  this  city  was  between 
the  New  York  Gazette,  the  paper  established  by  Bradford,  and  the  New  York 
Weekly  Journal,  first  issued  in  1733.  by  John  Peter  Zenger,  who  had  learned 
lis  trade  from  Bradford.  The  issue  was  a  dispute  between  Governor  Van 
Dam  and  William  Cosby,  his  successor  in  office. 

The  papers  took  different  sides,  and  Zenger  was  finally  tried  for  liable.  After 
in  exciting  trial  he  was  acquitted  and  the  freedom  of  the  press  established. 

As  the  result  of  the  negro  plot  of  1741,  at  which  time  many  buildings 
n  the  city  was  burned,  fourteen  negroes  were  burnt  at  the  stake,  and  eighteen 
landed.   Four  whites  were  also  executed. 


JOHN  JAY 

From  Original  by  Stuart. 


42 


CHAPTER   THE  EIGHTH 

THE  ESTABLISHMENT  OF  KINGS  COLLEGE, 
NOW  COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY ;  STARTING 
OF  THE  FIRST  MERCHANTS'  EXCHANGE, 
AND  THE   EVENTS   OF   THE  REVOLUTION 


How  Columbia 


IN  1744  a  lottery  was  established  to  raise  funds  for  the  establishment  of 
King's  College,  afterward  Columbia  College,  but  it  was  ten  years  be- 
fore the  necessary  funds  were  raised.  Doctor  Johnson,  the  Episcopal 
minister  at  Stratford,  Connecticut,  had  already  been  invited  to  fill  the 
president's  chair  of  the  new  institution,  and  .Mr.  Whittlesey,  the  Pres- 
byterian minister  at  New  Haven,  was  chosen  as  vice-president.  By  the  provisions 
of  the  charter,  however,  none  but  Episcopalians  were  made  eligible  as  presidents — 
a  regulation  which  occasioned  much  ill-feeing  among  the  dissenters.  The 
Presbyterians  used  every  effort  to  break  down  the  college,  and  the  city  journals  College 
joined  in  the  controversy.  William  Bradford  had  died  in  the  city  in  1752.  at  an  Was  Started 
advanced  age,  and  the  Weekly  Journal  had  been  discontinued  in  the  same  year. 
In  January,  1743,  James  Parker,  an  apprentice  of  Bradford,  had  commenced  a 
new  weekly  called  the  New  York  Gazette  or  I 1  'eekly  Postboy t  and  this  speculation 
proving  successful,  had  pubished  a  monthly  styled  the  American  Magazine  and 
Historical  Chronicle,  in  October  of  the  same  year.  The  II  'eekly  Mercury,  the 
government  organ,  was  published  by  Hugh  Gaine  at  his  office  opposite  the  Old 
Slip  Market.  These  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Episcopalian  party,  the  Presby- 
terians estabished  a  new  journal  in  1753,  called  the  Independent  Reflector,  in 
which  their  side  of  the  college  controversy  was  fully  argued.  The  Episcopalians, 
however,  prevailed  and  long  retained  control  of  the  institution.  The  disputes  were 
preparatory  to  the  founding  of  the  college ;  the  corner-stone  of  the  building  being 
laid  in  1756. 

In  1752  the  first  Merchants'  Exchange  was  erected  at  the  foot  of  Broad 
Street  and  in  1754,  a  scheme  for  the  foundation  of  a  public  library  was  first  pro- 
jected Considerable  money  was  raised  by  subscription  and  the  following  autumn 
the  first  books  arrived  and  were  deposited  in  the  City  Hall. 

In  1754  the  "Walton  House,"  at  that  time  the  palace  of  the  city,  was  built  in 
Pearl  Street,  by  William  Walton,  a  merchant  who  had  amassed  a  fortune  in  foreign 
trade.  The  house  was  furnished  luxuriously  for  the  period  and  was  quoted  in 
England  as  the  proof  of  the  folly  and  mad  extravagance  of  the  colonists  and  their 
ability  to  support  taxation. 

The  house  was  buiit  of  yellow  Holland  brick,  with  five  windows  in  front  and 
a  tiled  roc.f  encircled  with  balustrades.  The  garden  extended  to  the  river  and  was 
beautifully  laid  out.  This  house  was  afterward  the  scene  of  the  marriage  of 
Citizen  Genet,  the  minister  of  France,  to  the  daughter  of  Governor  Clinton. 

43 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


hi  1755  a  ferry  was  established  between  New  York  and  Staten  Island,  which 
now  possessed  a  considerable  population.  During  the  same  year  Peck  Slip  was 
opened  and  paved. 

War  having  again  been  declared  between  England  and  France,  the  fortifi- 
cations were  strengthened,  volunteers  enlisted,  and  a  thousand  stand  of  arms 
ordered  for  the  defence  of  the  city  in  the  event  of  an  invasion.  On  the  2nd  of  Sep- 
tember, Sir  Charles  Hardy,  the  newly  appointed  governor,  arrived  in  the  city, 
and  was  proclaimed  the  next  day  at  the  City  Hall  with  the  usual  ceremonies. 
Hardy  was  an  admiral  in  the  English  navy,  and  knew  far  better  how  to  steer  a 
ship  than  to  guide  the  affairs  of  a  turbulent  province.  But  a  knowledge  of  the 
science  of  government  was  deemed  altogether  superfluous  in  these  officials  by 
the  English  Court,  even  Pitt,  the  so-called  friend  of  America,  afterward  saying 
in  Parliament,  "There  is  not  a  company  of  foot  that  has  served  in  America  out  of 
which  you  may  not  pick  a  man  of  sufficient  knowledge  and  experience  to  make  a 
governor  of  a  colony  there."  Such  was  the  estimation  in  which  the  intellect  of  the 
colonial  subjects  was  held  by  the  mother  country. 

About  1761  a  theatre  was  opened  in  Beekman  Street  but  the  Assembly 
frowned  on  this  as  detrimental  to  good  morals,  and  the  mayor  attempted  to  obtain 
the  passage  of  a  law  prohibiting  all  dramatic  performances  within  the  precincts 
of  the  city.  Failing  in  this,  the  corporation  turned  their  attention  to  the  amuse- 
How  Early  ment  of  raffling,  which  had  grown  quite  common  among  the  boys  and  negroes, 
Amusements  an(j  interdicted  it  with  all  similar  games  of  chance,  under  penalty  of  a  fine  of 
ypon  three  pounds,  half  to  be  paid  to  the  churchwardens  and  half  to  the  informer. 

A  variety  of  municipal  ordinances  regulating  weights  and  measures,  markets 
and  docks  were  also  passed,  indicative  of  the  constantly  increasing  prosperity 
of  the  city,  which  now  numbered  about  fourteen  thousand  inhabitants.  Its  streets 
were  constantly  encroaching  on  the  waste  land,  public  edifices  were  springing  up 
here  and  there,  and  the  spirit  of  commercial  enterprise  was  fast  gaining  ground, 
despite  the  harsh  restrictions  imposed  upon  colonial  commerce  by  the  arbitrary 
Board  of  Trade. 

The  old  plan  of  lighting  the  streets  by  lanterns  suspended  from  the  windows 
was  now  definitely  abandoned,  and  public  lamps  and  lamp  posts  were  erected  in 
the  principal  streets  and  Lighted  at  the  public  expense.  Laws  were  passed  regulat- 
ing the  prices  of  provisions  and  a  comparison  with  the  prices  of  today  will  show 
why  the  frugal  colonists  could  save  money.  Beef  was  sold  at  four  pence  half 
penny  per  pound;  pork  at  five  pence  half  penny;  veal  from  four  to  six  pence  and 
milk  at  six  coppers  per  quart.  A  loaf  of  bread  weighing  one  pound  twelve  ounces 
sold  for  six  coppers. 

In  1764  Sandy  Hook  lighthouse  was  lighted  for  the  first  time.  About  the 
same  time,  a  ferry  was  established  between  Paulus  Hook,  now  Jersey  City,  and 
Miesier's  Dock,  just  opposite  on  the  New  York  shore ;  a  convenience  which  had 
long  been  needed,  and  which  proved  a  great  accommodation  to  the  people  of  New 

44 


HUDSOX-FULTOX    CELKP.KAT  1<  )N 


jersey.  Another  ferry  was  also  established  between  Staten  Island  and  Bergen. 
Considerable  improvement,  indeed,  had  been  made  in  travelling  arrangements; 
a  mail  went  regularly  twice  a  week  from  Xew  York  to  Philadelphia  and  packer- 
boats  and  stages  plied  between  the  same  places,  making  the  journey  in  the  space 
of  three  days.  The  packet-boats  ran  from  the  Battery  to  Perth  Am  boy,  where  a 
stage-wagon  received  the  goods  and  passengers  and  conveyed  them  to  Burlington. 
Here  they  were  again  transferred  to  a  packet-boat,  and  thus  at  length  reached 
the  place  of  their  destination.  The  journey  was  also  frequently  performed  by 
crossing  the  bay  in  a  scow  to  Staten  Island,  and  thence  to  the  Jersey  shore,  then 
taking  the  inland  route  across  the  intermediate  rivers  to  the  Quaker  City.  Another 
route  was  now  established  by  the  way  of  Paulus  Hook,  whence  travellers  made 
their  way  over  the  Jersey  marshes  to  the  Ilackensack  River,  and  blowing  a  horn, 
which  hung  against  a  tree,  summoned  a  ferryman  to  carry  them  across  the  stream ; 
then,  journeying  in  short  stages  to  the  Passaic,  the  Raritan,  the  Delaware,  and  the 
Schuylkill,  were  ferried  across  in  the  same  primitive  manner,  and  arrived  in  three 
days  at  Philadelphia.    Such  were  the  simple  modes  of  travelling  in  the  olden  time. 

During  the  same  year,  1764,  the  John  Street  .Methodist  Church  was  erected, 
Several  new  streets  were  opened  and  regulated  at  about  the  same  time,  among 
others,  Cliff  Street  and  Park  Place.  For  the  better  prevention  of  fires,  an  ordi- 
nance was  passed  directing  that  all  the  roofs  in  the  city  should  be  covered  with 
slate  or  tiles.  For  some  years,  however,  tiles  alone  were  used,  the  first  building 
roofed  with  slate  being,  it  is  said,  the  City  Hotel  in  Broadway,  erected  about  1791. 

In  the  days  preceding  the  Revolutionary  War  relations  between  the  colonists 
and  the  mother  country  had  become  greatly  strained.  The  truth  is  that  Great 
Britain  contemptuously  regarded  the  colonists  as  rich  barbarians,  the  chief  end 
of  whose  existence  was  to  furnish  an  ample  revenue  to  the  mother-country.  Their 
interests  were  wholly  disregarded  in  the  government  councils,  and  the  restrictions 
imposed  upon  them  were  rigorous  in  the  extreme.  The  English  parliament  claimed 
the  right  of  regulating  the  trade  of  the  colonies,  and,  under  cover  of  this  pretext, 
levied  heavy  duties  upon  imports,  ostensibly  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  custom, 
house  expenses,  and,  at  the  same  time,  sedulously  suppressed  all  attempts  at  home 
manufactures.  By  a  series  of  navigation  acts,  the  colonists  were  forbidden  to 
trade  with  any  foreign  country,  or  to  export  to  England  any  merchandise  of  their 
own  in  any  but  English  vessels.  The  country  wa>  full  of  iron,  but  not  an  axe  or 
a  hammer  could  be  manufactured  by  the  inhabitants  without  violating  the  law. 
Beaver  was  abundant,  but  to  limit  its  manufacture,  no  hatter  was  permitted  to 
have  more  than  two  apprentices,  and  not  a  hat  could  be  sold  from  one  colony  to 
another.  Of  the  wool  which  was  in  such  abundance  not  a  yard  of  cloth  could  be 
manufactured  except  for  private  use,  nor  a  pound  exported  from  one  town  to 
another;  but  the  raw  material  must  all  be  sent  to  England  to  be  manufactured 
there,  then  to  come  back  as  imported  cloths,  laden  with  heavy  duties.  Imposts 
were  also  levied  upon  sugar,  molasses,  and  all  articles  of  foreign  luxury  im- 
ported into  the  colonies,  and  America  was,  in  fact,  regarded  only  as  a  place  from 
which  to  raise  money. 

45 


The  Mode 
of  Travel 
Between 
Nearby  Ports 


England's  Early 
Restrictions  On 
Commerce 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


The  Imposition 
of  the 
Stamp  Act 


Founding  of  the 
New  York 
Hospital 


The  British 
Occupation 
of  the  City 


In  1763  the  English  government  decided  to  raise  a  permanent  revenue  from 
the  colonies  by  taxing  various  articles  of  foreign  produce  and  establishing  stamp 
duties  in  the  Anglo-American  possessions. 

Two  years  later  the  execrable  act  was  finally  passed  and  the  news  of  its 
arbitrary  enactment  fell  like  a  thunderbolt.  Steps  to  resist  its  enforcement  were 
at  once  taken  and  the  papers  of  the  day  were  filled  with  inflammatory  articles. 
Handbills  were  circulated  among  the  people,  and  the  New  York  Gazette  or  Weekly 
Post  Boy  was  active  in  opposition  to  the  measure.  The  troubles  finally  led  to 
open  hostilities  between  the  colonists  and  the  British  troops,  and  these  were  only 
ended  with  the  final  repeal  of  the  act. 

Through  the  whole  of  the  eventful  Stamp  Act  epoch,  the  Assembly  of  New 
York  stood  true  to  the  interests  of  the  country,  and  to  its  bold  protests  against 
(he  enactment  of  the  odious  Stamp  Act,  its  determined  attitude  in  the  struggle 
which  ensued,  and,  most  of  all,  its  earnest  advocacy  of  the  union  of  colonies, 
may  be  attributed  much  of  the  almost  miraculous  success  which  attended  the 
coming  struggle  for  independence. 

During  the  period  immediately  preceding  the  Revolution,  things  were  remark- 
ably quiet  in  the  city.  Complete  stagnation  prevailed,  public  improvements  were 
totally  neglected,  and  the  people  thought  only  of  resistance  to  oppression.  Com- 
merce, indeed,  was  partially  resumed,  but  the  use  of  tea  had  become  obsolete  in 
the  city,  and  any  citizen  who  would  have  dared  to  introduce  it  on  his  table  would 
have  been  branded  at  once  as  a  traitor  to  his  country- 

The  only  edifice  of  any  consequence  erected  in  the  city  from  the  building  of 
the  Brick  Church  in  Beekman  Street,  in  1768,  to  the  close  of  the  Revolution  was 
•lie  New  York  Hospital,  the  corner-stone  of  which  was  laid  by  Governor  Tryon 
on  the  2d  of  September,  1773.  The  site  at  this  time  was  far  out  of  town,  and  any 
one  would  have  been  considered  visionary,  indeed  would  have  been  visionary,  to 
suggest  the  possibility  that  the  city  might  one  day  crowd  upon  its  ground.  The 
hospital  occupied  a  five-acre  plot  and  was  built  at  a  cost  of  $18,000.  It  was  used 
as  a  barracks  during  the  war,  and  after  the  evacuation  in  1783  was  restored  to  its 
original  use,  and  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients  in  1791. 

New  York  City  played  an  important  part  in  the  stirring  events  of  the  War  of 
Independence.  It  had  been  strongly  fortified  to  resist  capture  by  the  English 
forces,  but  soon  succumbed,  and  the  British  flag  flying  over  the  fort  bore  token  of 
the  undisputed  British  sovereignty  of  the  Island.  The  city  now  lay  prostrate  in 
the  hands  of  its  captors  and  became  thenceforth  the  headquarters  of  the  British 
Army  in  America  and  the  residence  from  time  to  time  of  its  principal  officers. 

The  city  became  a  city  of  prisons.  Every  available  building  was  transformed 
into  a  dungeon  for  the  soldier^  of  the  American  army.  The  pews  of  the  North 
Dutch  Church  in  William  Street  were  torn  out  and  used  for  fuel ;  a  floor  was  laid 
from  one  gallery  to  another,  and  eight  hundred  prisoners  were  incarcerated  with- 
in its  walls.  Here  they  were  allowed  neither  fuel  nor  bedding,  their  provisions 
were  scanty  and  of  the  poorest  quality,  and  many  died  from  cold  and  starvation 

46 


H  U  D  S  O  X  -  F  U  LT  O  X  CKLFBRATIOX 


The  Brick  Church  in  Beekman  Street  was  at  first  used  as  a  prison,  then  con- 
\erted  into  a  hospital  for  the  sick  among  the  prisoners.  The  Friends'  Meeting- 
house in  Pearl  Street  and  the  Preshyterian  Church  in  Wall  Street  were  also  used 
as  hospitals,  and  the  French  Church  in  Pine  Street  was  transformed  into  a  depot 
tor  military  stores. 

The  Middle  Dutch  Church,  afterward  the  Postoffice.  was  also  stripped  of 
pulpit  and  pews,  and  made  to  furnish  room  for  three  thousand  prisoners. 

On  the  21  st  of  September,  1776,  while  Ilowe'-s  troops  were  still  stretched  in 
a  cordon  across  the  island,  in  readiness  to  fall  upon  the  army  of  Washington,  en-  New  York's 
camped  upon  the  heights  on  the  opposite  side  of  Harlem  Plains,  a  fire  occurred,  First  Large 
which  reduced  the  greater  portion  of  the  city  to  ashes.    The  conflagration  brok^  Conflagration 
out  in  a  small  wooden  grog-shop  near  Whitehall  Slip,  whence  it  swept  rapidly  up 
Broad  and  Beaver  streets  to  Broadway,  and  thence  consumed  all  the  western  part 
of  the  town.    The  progress  of  the  flames  was  at  length  stayed  by  the  college 
grounds  at  Barclay  Street;  but  ere  this  was  done,  five  hundred  houses  fell  in  ruin> 
to  the  ground.    Trinity  Church  and  the  neighboring  Lutheran  chapel,  on  the  site 
of  the  future  Grace  Church,  were  destroyed,  while  St.  Paul's  Church  was  only 
saved  by  the  unremitting  exertions  of  the  citizens,  who  mounted  on  the  roof  and 
extinguished  (the  flakes  of  fire  as  they  fell.    Xo  engines  were  at  that  time  in 
the  city,  and  the  people  could  only  stand  idly  by  and  witness  the  work  of  destruc- 
tion. 

Much  of  the  burned  district  has  been  covered  with  small  wooden  houses, 
tenanted  by  the  lowest  class  of  society.  Driven  from  their  wretched  homes  by  the 
fearful  conflagration,  and  not  knowing  where  else  to  fin  1  shelter,  the  miserable 
inmates  tacked  sheets  of  canvas  to  the  remnants  of  charred  walls  and  standing 
chimneys,  thus  forming  a  city  of  tents,  in  which  they  bivouacked,  despite  the  in- 
clemency of  the  weather,  and  the  spot  henceforth  became  known  as  Canvastown — 
a  sort  of  progenitor  of  the  old  Five  Points,  the  one-time  haunt  of  crime  and 
misery. 

On  the  9th  of  August,  1778,  the  second  great  fire  broke  out  in  the  city.  It 
commenced  in  Dock,  now  Pearl,  Street  in  the  vicinity  of  Broad  Street,  and  raged 
with  violence  for  several  hours,  consuming  three  hundred  houses  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  city.  The  fire  companies  had  heen  disbanded  during  the  revolutionary 
struggle,  and  the  military  charged  themselves  with  extinguishing  the  fire;  but,  in- 
experienced in  the  work,  they  accomplished  but  little. 

Scarcely  had  the  flames  heen  quenched  when  a  new  calamity  occurred.  The 
Morning  Star  powder-ship,  which  was  anchored  in  the  East  River,  was  struck  by 
lightning  during  a  violent  thunder-storm;  and  so  terrific  was  the  explosion  that 
the  houses  along  the  shore  were  unroofed  by  the  shock,  the  windows  shattered, 
and  the  furniture  demolished. 

X'ew  York's  revolutionary  troubles  were  ended  in  1783.  when  Great  Britain 
by  treaty  recognized  the  independence  of  the  United  States.  On  the  3rd  of  No- 
vember of  that  year,  the  Continental  Army  was  disbanded  and  on  the  25th  of  the 

47 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Washington's 
Entry  Into 
the  City 
After  the  War 


same  month  General  Washington  entered  the  city  of  New  York  by  the  Bowery, 
then  the  only  road,  while,  at  the  same  time,  the  British  troops  evacuated  the  city 
and,  entering-  the  ships  that  lay  anchored  in  the  harbor,  unfurled  their  sails  and 
slowly  sailed  down  the  bay.  The  American  militia,  under  the  command  of  Gen- 
eral Knox,  immediately  took  command  of  the  fort,  the  stars  and  stripes  for  the 
first  time  were  unfurled  from  its  walls  a  triumphant  salute  was  fired  by  the  corps 
of  artillery,  and,  after  a  seven  years'  foreign  occupation,  Xew  York  was  again 
in  possession  of  her  citizens. 

General  Washington  lingered  a  few  days,  fixing  his  headquarters  at  Fraunces' 
or  Black  Sam's  Tavern,  as  it  was  familiarly  called  in  allusion  to  the  swarthy  com- 
plexion of  its  proprietor,  on  the  corner  of  Pearl,  then  Queen,  and  Broad  streets 
where  at  noon,  on  the  4th  of  December,  his  officers  assembled  to  bid  him  farewell. 

The  next  few  years  wore  away  with  little  event.  Commerce,  so  long  de- 
pressed, slowly  revived,  and  public  improvements  were  again  talked  of;  but. 
though  much  was  projected,  little  was  done  till  the  beginning  of  the  next  century. 
The  city  was  forced,  as  it  were,  to  begin  life  anew;  her  trade  was  ruined,  her 
treasury  empty,  her  people  even  yet  divided  among  themselves.  Feuds  were 
existing  everywhere,  the  effect  of  the  recent  war.  The  patriots  returned  from 
their  long  expatriation  with  their  hearts  full  of  bitterness  against  those — and 
they  were  many — who  had  clung  to  the  royalist  side  and  remained  in  possession 
of  their  homes  during  the  days  of  trial;  while  the  latter  indulged  in  bitter  invec- 
tives against  the  newly-established  government,  which,  in  many  instances,  had 
confiscated  their  estates,  and  branded  them  by  its  success  as  traitors  to  their  coun- 
try.    Xew  York  was  suffering  from  all  the  evils  which  a  seven  years'  foreign  oc- 


WASHINGTON's  QUARTERS  AT  GOWANUS,  BROOKLYN 


48 


1 1 UD  SOX-FULTO  N    C  FLEBR  AT  I O  N 


cupation  could  inflict  upon  a  city,  but  the  spirit  of  public  improvement  soon  re- 
vived and  the  city  began  to  grow  apace.    The  population  was  now  about  23,000. 

In  1790  the  first  sidewalks  in  the  city  were  laid  on  P.roadvvay  from  Vesey 
to  Murray  Street.  These  were  narrow  pavements  of  hrick  and  stone,  scarcely 
wide  enough  for  two  persons  to  walk  abreast. 

The  need  of  street  numbers  had  been  for  some  time  rendered  apparent  by 
the  increasing  growth  of  the  city,  and  in  1793  the  corporation  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  prepare  and  report  a  feasible  system.  This  was  done,  and  the  proposed 
method,  beginning  at  the  next  house  in  every  street  terminating  at  either  of  the 
nvers,  at  the  intersection  of  the  main  street  next  the  river,  and  numbering  all 
houses  below  these  intersecting  streets,  beginning  with  Xo.  1,  looking  upward  in 
all  the  main  streets  and  downward  in  all  ithe  slips,  and  so  on  to  the  end  of  the 
street  or  slip,  was  adopted  by  the  corporation. 

On  the  13th  of  September,  1789,  the  adoption  of  the  United  States  Constitu-  New  York 

tion  was  publicly  declared,  and  Xew  York  was  selected  as  the  seat  of  the  general  Bfec^mes  ^e  Seat 

eovernmeiTt.    The  Citv  Hall  in  Wall  Street,  in  which  the  Continental  Congress 

.  Government 

had  been  accustomed  to  meet,  was  falling  to  decay,  and  the  exhausted  city  treasury 
furnished  no  means  wherewith  to  make  the  necessary  repairs.  In  this  emergency, 
a  number  of  wealthy  gentlemen  advanced  the  requisite  sum;  the  I  Tall  was  re- 
modelled under  the  direction  of  Major  L'Enfant,  and  placed  by  the  corporation 
at  the  disposal  of  the  general  government.  On  the  4th  of  March,  1789,  the  day 
appointed  for  the  assembling  of  Congress,  bells  were  rung  and  cannon  fired,  and 
the  hall  was  thrown  open  for  the  expected  session;  but  only  a  handful  of  the 
members  made  their  appearance.  Unable  to  transact  business  in  the  absence  of 
a  quorum,  they  issued  a  circular  letter  to  their  colleagues — and  waited.  Their 
patience  was  put  somewhat  severely  to  the  test.  The  roads  were  bad.  railroads 
and  steamboats  unknown,  packets  and  stages  few,  and  punctuality,  withal,  re- 
garded as  a  thing  of  minor  importance:  and  it  was  not  until  the  6th  of  April  that 
enough  straggling  members  had  assembled  to  constitute  a  quorum,  and  enable 
the  body  to  declare  the  result  of  the  eleotion,  which  resulted  in  the  selection  of 
George  Washington  for  President  and  John  Adams  for  Vice-President. 

Elaborate  arrangements  were  made  for  the  inauguration,  but  as  Federal  Hall 
was  not  yet  furnished,  Congress  prescribed  that  the  ceremony  take  place  in  the 
open  air.  and  for  this  the  outer  balcony  looking  down  on  P>road  Street  was  selected 
and  April  30th  fixed  as  the  date.  The  ceremony  was  simple  and  impressive  and 
President  Washington  and  his  wife  quietly  took  up  their  residence  here,  occupying 
a  house  on  Cherry  Street,  afterward  removing  to  the  Mascomb  House.  Xo.  33 
Broadway,  where  he  continued  to  reside  during  his  stay  in  Xew  York. 

The  century  closed  with  a  panic  due  to  the  breaking  out  of  the  yellow  fever. 
The  whole  community  was  panic-stricken  and  all  who  could  fled  the  citv.  The 
stores  were  closed,  the  business  streets  deserted,  and  for  many  weeks  the  hearses 
that  conveyed  the  victims  of  the  pestilence  to  their  last  homes  were  undisputed 
possessors  of  the  streets  of  the  city.    Most  of  the  churches  were  closed;  Trinity. 

40 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Christ's  Church  in  Ann  Street,  and  the  Methodist  Chapel  in  John  Street  alone  re- 
maining open.  The  Postoffice  was  removed  to  the  house  of  Dr.  James  Tillary, 
on  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Wall  Street,  and  the  citizens  came  down  for  their 
letters  from  their  retreats  at  Greenwich  and  Bloomingdale  between  the  hours 
of  9  A.  M.  and  sundown,  the  time  at  which  the  physicians  pronounced  it  safe  to 
visit  the  city.  The  greatest  suffering  prevailed,  and  contributions  of  money,  pro- 
visions, and  fuel  poured  in  from  the  neighboring  States  for  the  relief  of  the  poor, 
thus  deprived  of  employment,  and  hourly  threatened  with  the  death  from  which 
their  poverty  forbade  them  to  flee.  From  the  breaking  out  of  the  pestilence  to  the 
beginning  of  November,  when  it  ceased,  the  deaths  amounted  to  2,086,  exclusive 
of  those  who  had  fled  the  city;  and  this  from  a  population  of  fifty-five  thousand 
Strangely  enough,  not  a  single  case  occurred  on  the  Long  Island  or  Jersey  shores. 
The  fever  lingered  in  the  city  for  several  years,  breaking  out  with  violence  at 
intervals,  yet  at  no  time  did  its  ravages  equal  those  of  '98. 


FIRST  ENGLISH  SEAL 
OF  THE  PROVINCE 


CHAPTER    THE  NINTH 

THE  ESTABLISHMENT  OF  MUNICIPAL 
INSTITUTIONS,  SOCIETIES,  CHURCHES  OF 
THE  VARIOUS  DENOMINATIONS,  THEATRES 
AND   OTHER   PLACES   OF  AMUSEMENTS 


IN  1801  the  city,  though  the  metropolis  of  the  western  world,  was  a  mere  vil- 
lage in  comparison  with  the  city  of  today.  The  city  proper  was  bounded  on 
Broadway  by  Anthony,  on  the  North  River  by  1  [arrison,  and  on  the  East 
River  by  Rutgers  streets ;  and  even  within  these  limits,  the  houses  were  scat- 
tering, and  surrounded  by  large  gardens  and  vacant  lots.  The  farmhouses  on 
Bowery  Lane  extended  as  far  as  Broome  Street ;  the  fields  and  orchards  on  either 
side  reaching  from  river  to  river.  From  the  Battery  to  Cedar  Street,  Greenwich 
Street  was  the  outside  street  on  the  shore ;  there,  Washington  Street  had 
been  commenced  and  partly  built  upon  one  side  to  Harrison  Street,  where  it 
terminated  abruptly  in  the  River. 

Above  Broadway  was  a  hilly  country,  sloping  on  the  east  to  the  Fresh  Water 
Pond,  not  yet  quite  filled  in  from  the  surrounding  hills,  and  descending  on  the 
west  to  the  Lispenard  Meadows,  dotted  with  the  picturesque  country  seats  oi 
wealthy  citizens.  A  high  hill  at  the  junction  of  Broadway  with  Anthony  Street 
descended  precipitously  to  the  arched  bridge  at  Canal  Street,  thus  forming  a  val- 
ley, to  the  north  of  which  rose  another  high  hill,  falling  off  abruptly  to  a  pond  in 
the  space  between  Broome  and  Spring  streets,  through  which  Broadway  was  filled 
up  and  prolonged. 

At  this  time,  Broadway  ended  at  Astor  Place,  where  a  pale  fence,  stretching 
across  the  road,  formed  the  southern  boundary  of  the  Randall  Farm,  afterward 
the  endowment  of  the  Sailor's  Snug  Harbor.  The  Old  or  Boston  Post  Road  ran 
eastward  from  Madison  Square,  and  wound  its  way  by  a  circuitous  route  to  Har- 
lem. The  Kingsbridge  or  Bloomingdale  Road,  a  continuation  of  Bowery  Lane, 
extended  by  the  way  of  McGowan's  Pass  and  Manhattanville  to  Kingsbridge  and 
thence  to  Albany.  From  the  Bloomingdale  Road,  "Love  Lane,"  now  Twentv-first 
Street,  ran  westward  to  the  North  River.  On  the  site  of  Washington  Square 
was  the  new  Potter's  Field,  lately  removed  from  its  original  locality  at  the  junction 
of  the  Greenwich  and  Albany  roads,  where  it  had  been  established  in  1704.  the 
authorities  deeming  it  "too  near  the  public  thoroughfares."  The  Public 

Public  gardens  were  at  this  time  favorite  institutions,  and  were  scattered  in  Gardens 
profusion  over  the  city.    On  the  shores  of  the  North  River  in  the  village  of  of  the  DaV 
Greenwich  were  the  Indian  Queen's  and  Tyler's,  both  favorite  places  of  resort. 

5i 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


On  the  west  side  of  the  Bowery  in  the  vicinity  of  Broome  Street,  was  the  cele- 
brated Yauxhall  Garden — not  the  original  Bowling-  Green  Garden,  afterward 
Vauxhall,  at  the  junction  of  Warren  and  Greenwich  streets,  the  resort  of  the 
early  Dutch  settlers — which  had  been  purchased  about  the  middle  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century  by  a  Swiss  florist  named  Jacob  Sperry,  and  afterward  sold  by  him 
to  John  Jacob  Astor.  Far  up  on  the  Bloomingdale  Road  was  the  Strawberry 
Hill  House,  afterward  christened  Woodlawn;  and  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Island  was  the  fertile  Kip  Farm,  which,  though  not  numbered  among  the  places 
of  public  resort,  was  noted  for  its  variety  of  choice  fruit  and  flowers,  and  was 
often  visited  by  Washington  and  his  cabinet  during  his  stay  in  the  city. 

In  Pearl,  opposite  Cedar  Street,  was  the  residence  of  Governor  George 
Clinton,  the  headquarters  of  Washington  on  assuming  command  of  the  army  at 
New  York.  At  the  corner  of  Pearl  and  Broad  streets  was  Fraunces'  Tavern, 
which  Washington  made  his  headquarters  after  the  British  evacuation,  and  it 
was  tire  scene  of  his  final  parting  with  his  officers.  This  old  house  was  first 
opened  as  a  tavern  in  1762  and  soon  became  notable  as  a  Saturday  night  rendez- 
vous of  a  gathering  of  choice  spirits  calling  themselves  the  Social  Club,  and, 
though  Fraunces  was  a  well-known  friend  of  the  Liberty  Party,  was  a  favorite  of 
both  Whigs  and  Tories,  who  harmonized  in  their  taste  for  the  choice  wines 
of  the  proprietor. 

At  the  lower  end  of  Broadway  stood  the  Kennedy  House,  built  in  1760  by 
Captain  Kenned}',  afterward'  Earl  of  Cassilis,  and  bequeathed  by  him  to  his  son 
Robert,  from  whom  it  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  late  Nathaniel  Prime. 
This  house  was  'the  headquarters  of  Putnam  prior  to,  and  of  Howe  and  Clinton 
during  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  the  scene  of  Andre's  last  interview  with  the 
British  general  previous  to  his  departure  on  the  fatal  West  Point  mission.  Just 
above  this  was  the  King's  Arms  Tavern,  a  double  house,  two  stories  in  height, 
with  a  front  of  yellow  Holland  brick,  and  a  steep  roof,  covered  with  shingles  in 
front  and  tiles  in  the  rear,  the  headquarters  of  General  Gage  during  his  residence 
in  the  city.  This  afterward  became  known  as  Burns'  Coffee  Hons?, 
from  which  emanated  many  of  the  patriotic  resolves  of  the  New  York 
citizens.  It  was  in  this  house  that  the  first  non-importation  agreement  of  the 
colonies  was  signed  by  the  merchants  of  the  city  of  New  York  on  the  evening 
preceding  the  execution  of  the  Stamp  Act,  and  the  first  step  thus  taken  toward 
the  rebellion  which  ripened  into  their  future  independence.  Here  Arnold  resided 
after  the  discovery  of  his  treason,  and  it  was  from  the  garden,  which  extended 
down  to  the  river,  that  the  chivalric  Champe  proposed  to  abduct  the  traitor  and 
carry  him  off  in  triumph  to  the  American  lines  in  the  Jerseys. 

Above  'this,  on  'the  site  of  39  Broadway — the  reputed  site  of  the  first  building 
ever  erected  on  the  island — was  the  Bunker  Mansion  House,  the  residence  of 
Washington  during  the  second  session  of  Congress. 

But  a  volume  would  scarce  suffice  to  note  all  the  landmarks  rendered  in- 
teresting by  some  association  of  the  past. 

52 


HUDSOX-FULTOX  CFLFBRATIOX 


The  penal  institutions  of  the  island  were  the  New  Jail,  chiefly  used  for  the  The  Establish- 
imprisonment  of  dehtors ;  the  Bridewell,  in  which  vagrants  and  minor  offenders  ment  Qf  penal 
were  confined,  as  well  as  criminals,  while  awaiting  their  trial,  and  the  State  Institutions 
Prison  in  Greenwich  Village  on  the  shores  of  the  North  River,  for  convicts  of  a 
higher  grade.    The  latter  was  a  large  stone  building,  surrounded  by  a  high  wall 
on  which  an  armed  sentry  was  constantly  pacing.  It  was  opened  for  the  reception 
of  convicts  in  August,  1796.  and  was  the  second  State  prison  in  the  United  States. 
In  the  course  of  a  few  years,  the  number  of  prisoners  in  this  institution,  as  well 
as  in  the  Bridewell,  became  so  great  that  it  became  necessary  to  erect  another 
building  for  ■their  reception,  and  a  penitentiary  for  the  imprisonment  of  minor 
offenders  was  accordingly  built  on  the  shores  of  the  East  River  at  Bellevue. 

The  tread-mill  system  was  introduced  into  the  Penitentiary  in  1822,  but  after 
a  few  years'  trial  was  found  inexpedient,  and  abandoned. 

The  new  prison  at  Sing  Sing  was  opened  in  1828,  and  the  convicts  in  the 
prison  at  Greenwich  were  removed  to  it.  In  1838  the  Bridewell  was  demolished 
and  the  stone  in  it  was  used  in  the  walls  of  the  Toombs,  then  in  process  of  erec- 
tion. The  fire  alarm  bell  which  had  hung  in  the  belfry  of  the  Xew  Jail  since  the 
Revolution,  and  afterward  in  the  Bridewell's  belfry,  was  transferred  to  the  house 
of  the  Xaaid  Hose  Co.,  in  Beaver  Street,  where  it  remained  until  the  great  fire 
of  1835  destroyed  the  house  and  silenced  the  bell  forever. 

In  1801,  the  Xew  York  Hospital,  the  charter  of  which  had  been  granted  by 
Lord  Dunmore  in  1771  to  Peter  Middleton,  John  Johns  and  Samuel  Bard,  the 
three  most  eminent  physicians  of  the  day,  and  the  cornerstone  of  which  had  jnsane 
been  laid  in  1773.  was  the  only  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  city.  In  1807.  a 
lunatic  asylum  was  erected  on  the  southerly  side  of  the  hospital  grounds,  near 
the  main  edifice,  and  corresponding  with  it  in  the  style  of  architecture,  which 
was  opened  in  the  following  year.  This  was  used  for  its  original  purpose  during 
fourteen  years,  when  an  asylum  was  built  at  Bloomingdale,  overlooking  the 
North  River,  on  the  West  siide  of  Tenth  Avenue,  near  One  Hundred  and  Seven- 
teenth Street,  to  which,  in  1821.  the  patients  were  removed.  The  single  dispen- 
sary for  the  aid  of  the  out-door  sick  was  the  City  Dispensary,  located  in  a  small 
building  in  the  rear  of  the  City  Hall,  fronting  on  Tryon  Row,  which  had  formerly 
been  occupied  by  the  Health  Office.  This  was  instituted  in  1790,  and  incorpo- 
rated on  the  8th  of  April,  1795,  under  the  name  of  the  Xew  York  Dispensary. 

The  only  medical  school  in  the  city  in  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth 
century  was  the  Medical  Faculty  of  Columbia  College,  organized  in  1768  through 
the  efforts  of  Drs.  Bard.  Middleton  and  others.  In  the  Revolution,  which 
followed  soon  after,  the  association  was  scattered  and  the  college  converted  into 
a  military  hospital.  In  I7<;2  it  was  again  revived,  with  Dr.  Samuel  Bard  as 
dean  of  the  faculty,  and  remained  the  only  school  of  the  kind  in  the  city  until  the 
institution  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  with  Dr.  Romayne  at 
the  head,  in  1807.  under  the  patronage  of  the  Regents  of  the  Universitv.  In 
1813  a  fusion  was  effected  between  the  two  rival  schools,  which  continued  to 

53 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


work  together  until  1826,  when  differences  arose,  which  finally  resulted  in  a 
separation  of  the  College,  and  the  foundation  of  the  Rutgers  Medical  College, 
located  in  Duane  Street,  near  Broadway,  with  Drs.  Hosack,  MacNeven.  Mott, 
Francis,  Godman  and  Griscom  as  its  first  professors.  Drs.  John  Augustine 
and  Joseph  M.  Smith,  Dana,  Beck,  Stevens  and  Delafield  formed  the  professorial 
staff  of  the  rival  college. 

At  the  foot  of  Park  Place  was  the  venerable  Columbia  College,  opened  in 
1755  under  the  presidency  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Johnson;  then  abandoned  by  its 
president,  Myles  Cooper,  in  the  Revolution,  and  converted  first  into  barracks 
and  afterward  into  a  military  hospital.  Upon  the  restoration  of  peace,  a  number 
of  gentlemen  were  appointed  by  the  Legislature,  under  the  title  of  Regents  of 
the  L'niversity,  to  superintend  the  literary  institutions  of  the  State,  and  em- 
powered to  act  as  Trustees  of  the  College. 
Establishment  The  benevolent  institutions  were  the  Marine  Society,  incorporated  in  1770 

of  Benevolent  for  the  improvement  of  maritime  knowledge  and  the  relief  of  indigent  sea  cap- 
Societies  tains,  their  widows  and  orphans;  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  formed  in  1768 
and  incorporated  in  1770,  "for  the  purpose  of  promoting  and  extending  all  just 
and  lawful  commerce  and  affording  relief  to  decayed  members,  their  widows 
and  children."  The  Humane  Society  was  established  in  1787  for  the  purpose  of 
affording  relief  to  distressed  debtors,  and  was  afterward  made  to  include  the 
resuscitation  of  persons  apparently  drowned,  as  well  as  for  the  relief  of  the 
poor  in  general.  It  was  incorporated  in  1814.  The  Manumission  Society  was 
established  chiefly  by  Friends  in  1785,  for  the  purpose  of  ameliorating  the  con- 
dition of  negro  slaves. 

The  Sailors'  Snug  Harbor  was  founded  by  Captain  Randall  in  1801  for 
the  benefit  of  worn  out  and  decrepit  seamen.  The  General  Society  of  Mechanics 
and  Tradesmen  was  founded  in  1784  and  incorporated  in  1792.  Its  object  was 
for  the  relief  of  the  needy  among  their  number  and  for  the  support  of  the 
widows  and  children  of  those  who  died  without  means.  In  1821  the  Mechanics 
Institute,  in  Chambers  Street,  near  Chatham,  was  built  by  the  Society,  and  a 
school  and  library  established.  The  Society  of  the  Cincinnati  was  formed  at 
the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  the  Tammany  Society  was  organized 
about  the  same  time,  into  which,  in  opposition  to  the  exclusiveness  of  the 
former,  all  were  admitted  without  regard  to  ancestry.  The  St.  Andrew's  Society 
and  several  Masonic  and  other  societies  were  founded  in  1756.  Among  the 
most  remarkable  of  these  was  the  Tontine  Association,  founded  in  1790  and 
incorporated  in  1794  by  a  company  of  merchants  for  the  purpose  of  providing 
a  center  for  the  mercantile  community.  By  the  plan  of  this  association,  each 
shareholder  selected  a  nominee,  during  whose  life  he  was  to  receive  his  equal 
proportion  of  the  net  proceeds  of  the  establishment ;  but  upon  whose  death  his 
interest  reverted  to  the  owners  of  the  surviving  nominees.  The  original  shares 
were  assignable  and  held  as  personal  estate,  and  the  whole  property  was  vested 
in  five  trustees,  who  were  to  hold  the  property  until  the  number  of  the  surviving 

54 


HUDSOX-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


nominees  was  reduced  to  seven,  when  the  whole  was  to  he  divided  among  the 
fortunate  seven  shareholders  depending  upon  them.  Under  these  regulations 
two  hundred  and  three  shares  were  subscribed  for  at  two  hundred  dollars  each, 
and  with  this  sum  the  Association  purchased  a  lot  of  ground  a  hundred  feet 
square  on  the  corner  of  Wall  and  Water  streets,  and  in  1792  commenced  the 
erection  of  the  Tontine  Coffee-House,  to  which,  upon  its  completion  in  1794,  the 
Merchants'  Exchange  was  removed  from  the  delapidated  old  building  in  the 
center  of  Broad,  below  Pearl  Street,  where  it  had  been  located  since  the  Revolu- 
tion. After  the  erection  of  the  new  Exchange  in  Wall  Street,  in  1825,  the  build- 
ing was  let  for  various  purposes;  then,  in  May.  1855,  was  demolished  to  make 
room  for  the  Tontine  Building. 

Many  other  societies  sprang  into  being  in  the  course  of  the  next  half  cen- 
tury— the  Bible  and  Common  Prayer  Book  Society,  instituted  in  1809;  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Tract  Society,  founded  in  1810.  and  the  American  Bible 
Society,  established  in  18 16.  Xext  came  the  various  missionary  societies — 
the  Xew  York  Sunday  School  Society,  established  in  1816,  the  out- 
growth of  a  little  Sunday  School  opened  in  181 1  by  a  few  young  women  of 
the  Society  of  Friends  for  the  purpose  of  teaching  adult  colored  women  ;  the 
American  Tract  Society,  instituted  in  1825 ;  the  City  Tract  Society,  founded 
during  the  ensuing  year,  and  many  more  besides. 

The  Reformed  Dutch  Church  still  continued  predominant  in  the  city  which 

had  been  founded  by  its  members.    This  was.  indeed,  the  oldest  denomination  ^u   ^  ^ 

in  America,  having  been  organized  in  Xew  Amsterdam  with  a  handful  of  mem-        ,7  . 

b  b  the  Various 

bers  as  early  as  1620.  For  a  long  time  the  church  continued  to  retain  its  dis-  Denominations 
tinctive  customs,  and  even  language  :  the  first  English  sermon  ever  listened  lO 
by  the  denomination  having  been  delivered  as  lately  as  1764  by  Dr.  Laidlie.  ir. 
the  Middle  Dutch  Church  in  Nassau  Street.  Even  at  this  late  date  the  innova- 
tion of  a  foreign  tongue  was  stoutly  opposed  by  the  ancient  Knickerbockers,  but 
was  sanctioned  by  the  consistory  as  a  matter  of  policy.  The  last  sermon  in  the 
Dutch  language  was  preached  in  1803. 

The  customs  that  prevailed  in  the  Reformed  Dutch  churches  were,  indeed, 
peculiar ;  many  of  them  still  exist  among  the  denomination,  nor  are  the  tradi- 
tions of  any  wholly  lost.  Unlike  the  plainly  attired  Puritan  preachers,  the 
dominies  invariably  appeared  in  the  high,  circular  pulpit,  clad  in  a  gown  of  black 
silk,  with  large,  flowing  sleeves;  and  so  indispensable  was  this  livery  deemed, 
that,  at  the  installation  of  a  dominie  in  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century 
who  came  unprepared  with  a  gown  for  the  occasion,  the  senior  clergyman  per- 
emptorily refused  to  officiate,  and  the  ceremony  would  have  been  postponed  for 
a  week  had  not  a  robe  been  opportunely  furnished  by  a  friendly  minister. 

The  tall  pulpit  was  canopied  by  a  ponderous  sounding-board.  The  first 
psalm  was  set  with  movable  figures,  suspended  on  three  sides  of  the  pulpit,  so 
that  every  one  on  entering  might  prepare  for  the  opening  chorus.  Pews  were 
set  aside  for  the  governor,  mayor,  city  officers  and  deacons,  and  the  remaining 


HISTORICAL  SOUVKXIR 


seats  were  held  singly  by  the  members  for  their  life,  then  booked,  at  their  death, 
to  the  first  applicant.  The  clerk  occupied  a  place  in  the  deacon's  pew,  and 
prefaced  the  exercises  in  the  morning  by  reading  a  chapter  from  the  Bible,  and, 
in  the  afternoon,  by  chanting  the  Apostolic  Creed,  to  divert  the  thoughts  of  the 
people  from  worldly  affairs.  All  notices  designed  to  be  publicly  read  were  re- 
ceived from  him  by  the  sexton,  then  inserted  into  the  end  of  a  long  pole,  and 
thus  passed  up  to  the  cage-like  pulpit,  where  the  minister  was  perched  far  above 
the  heads  of  the  congregation.  It  was  his  business,  too,  when  the  last  grains  of 
sand  had  fallen  from  the  hour-glass  which  was  placed  invariably  at  the  right 
hand  of  the  dominie,  to  remind  him  by  three  raps  of  his  cane  that  the  time  had 
come  to  end  the  sermon.  When  the  sermon  was  over  the  deacons  arose  in  their 
places  and  after  a  short  address  by  the  dominie  they  each  took  a  long  pole  with 
a  black  velvet  bag  attached  to  the  end,  from  which  a  small  alarm  bell  hung,  and 
passed  about  the  church  to  collect  alms  for  the  poor. 

In  the  earlier  times  boxes  strongly  bound  with  iron  with  a  hole  in  the  end 
and  fastened  with  a  padlock  were  placed  at  the  door  for  this  purpose. 

The  stone  church  built  by  William  Kieft  in  1642  having  been  destroyed  by 
fire  in  the  days  of  the  negro  plot,  the  oldest  church  edifice  of  this  denomination 
at  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century  was  the  South  Dutch  Church  in 
Garden  Street.  This  was  of  an  octagonal  form,  with  a  brick  steeple  large 
enough  to  afford  space  for  a  consistory  room.  The  windows  were  large,  with 
very  small  window-panes  set  in  lead,  and  curiously  emblazoned  with  the  coats 
cf  arms  of  the  church  dignitaries;  several  escutcheons  also  hung  against  the 
wall.  In  1766,  it  was  enlarged  and  repaired,  and  in  1807,  it  was  rebuilt  and 
repaired.  It  was  destroyed  in  the  conflagration  of  1835,  when  two  congregations 
arose  from  its  ashes — Dr.  Hutton's  church  on  Washington  Square  and  the  South 
Reformed  Dutch  Church  on  the  corner  of  Fifth  Avenue  and  Twenty-first  Street. 

In  Nassau  Street  was  the  Middle  Dutch  Church,  afterward  used  as  the 
Postoffice.  This  was  at  first  built  without  pillars  or  gallery,  the  ceiling  form- 
ing an  entire  arch  without  support.  On  the  introduction  of  the  English  serv- 
ice in  1784,  the  pulpit  was  removed  from  its  original  place  on  the  east  side  to 
the  north  end  of  the  church,  and  galleries  were  built  on  the  east,  west  and  south 
sides.  In  1789-90,  it  was  restored  to  its  primitive  state  and  continued  unaltered 
until  1844,  when  it  was  sold  to  the  United  States  Government. 

At  Harlem  was  a  small  wooden  church  of  great  antiquity  and  at  Green- 
wich village  was  another  also  of  wood,  built  in  1782. 

.        .  The  Episcopalians  were  the  next  oldest  religious  denomination.    Of  their 

The  Episcopal  . 

Church  Ranks  early  churches  the  ancient  Trinity  built  in  1696.  enlarged  in  1737,  destroyed  by 
Second  in  the  ^re  m  l77^  and  rebuilt  in  1788,  was  a  Gothic  edifice  of  considerable  preten- 
Colony  sions  surmounted  by  a  tall   spire  and  having  a  fine  chime  of  bells.    To  this 

church  two  chapels  were  attached — St.  Paul's  in  Broadway,  a  substantial  stone 
edifice  built  in  1766,  and  St.  George's  in  Beekman  Street,  erected  in  1759.  A 
third  to  be  added  was  St.  John's  built  in  1807.    In  Ann  Street  was  Christ's 

56 


HUDSOX-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


Church  built  in  1794;  St.  Mark's  in  Stuyvesant  Street  built  in  1795;  Zion  Church 
on  the  corner  of  Mott  and  Cross  streets,  built  in  1801,  and  the  Eglise  du  Saint 
Esprit,  the  church  of  the  early  Huguenots  in  Pine  Street,  which,  stripped  of  pul- 
pit and  pews  during  the  Revolution,  had  been  repaired  in  1794,  but  was  not  open- 
ed for  service  until  some  time  after.  Grace  Church  (the  ancestor  of  the  present 
splendid  structure  at  the  apparent  head  of  Broadway)  was  built  soon  after  on 
the  site  of  the  old  Lutheran  Church  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Rector 
Street. 

Next  in  order  came  the  Lutherans ;  but  their  ancient  church  in  Broadway 
had  been  swept  away  by  the  fire  of  1776,  and  the  only  one  that  now  remained 
to  them  was  Christ's  Church,  a  stone  building  on  the  corner  of  William  an  1 
Frankfort  streets.  In  Nassau,  near  John  Street,  was  the  German  Reformed 
Church,  ereoted  in  1765,  and  differing  slightly  in  tenets  from  the  latter. 

Next  came  the  Presbyterian  denomination,  the  first  church  of  which  was  First  Church 
a  stone  building,  erected  in  Wall  Street  in  1719,  and  enlarged  in  1768.    I11  18 10,  of  the 
it  was  rebuilt  in  handsome  style,  only  to  fall  a  victim  to  the  conflagration  of  PresDyterians 
1835.    It  was  rebuilt  soon  after,  and  occupied  for  eight  or  ten  years,  when, 
tempted  by  the  increasing  value  of  the  ground,  the  congregation  disposed  of  it 
for  secular  purposes,  and  removed  to  their  new  edifice  in  Fifth  Avenue,  between 
Eleventh  and  Twelfth  streets.    The  old  church  was  taken  down,  stone  by  stone, 
and  put  up  again  in  Jersey  Gity. 

In  Beekman  Street  was  the  Brick  Church,  built  in  1768.    This  church 

escaped  destruction  'in  the  great  fire  of  1835,  but  was  afterward  demolished 

when  the  street  was  widened.    The  Rutgers  Street  Church,  built  in  1797.  was  a 

large  frame  building  with  a  cupola  and  a  public  clock.    In  Cedar  Street  was 

the  Scotch  Presbyterian  Church,  built  in  1758,  and  in  Chambers  Street  was  the 

Reformed  Presbyterian  Church,  erected  in  1797.    A  second  Presbyterian  Church 

was  built  in  Ce:lar  Street  in  1807. 

The  first  Baptist  Church  was  an  edifice  of  blue  stone  built  in  Gold  Street  _,.    _    . •  . 

r  The  Baptist 

near  Fulton,  in   1760.    This  church  was  taken  down  in   1840  and  the  stone  Denomination 
used  in  the  erection  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  at  the  corner  of  Broome  and  Enters  the  Field 
Elizabeth   streets.      A  church   of  the  same  denomination  was  built  in  Oliver 
Street  in  1795  and  another  .in  Rose  Street  in  1799. 

The  Methodist  Church  had  its  foundation  in  a  small  rigging  loft  in  1  Iorse 
and  Cart  Lane,  near  William  Street,  where  William  Embury,  a  local  preacher 
from  Ireland,  aided  by  Captain  Webb,  of  the  British  army,  formed  a  nucleus 
of  the  disciples  of  Wesley  in  1766.  Soon  outgrowing  this  humble  tenement,  the 
society  purchased  a  lot  of  ground  in  John  Street,  and.  in  1768,  erected  a  stone 
edifice  which  they  christened  Wesley  Chapel.  This  was  removed  in  1817  to 
Harlem  and  another  chapel  erected  on  its  site.  A  second  was  built  in  Forsyth 
Street  in  1780,  and  a  third  in  Duane  Street  in  1795. 

Among  the  oldest  of  the  religious  societies  was  that  of  the  Friends,  whose 
first  place  of  worship  was  erected  in  Green,  near  Liberty  Street,  about  170G. 


57 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Establishment 
of  the  First 
Catholic  Church 


This  was  rebuilt  and  enlarged  in  Libetry  Street  in  1802.  The  second  meeting- 
house of  the  denomination,  erected  in  Pearl  Street,  in  1775,  was  taken  down  in 
1824,  to  make  room  for  other  buildings. 

The  Jews  had  a  synagogue  in  Mill  Street — the  street  is  now  blotted  out  of 
existence — a  neat  stone  edifice  erected  in  1730,  opposite  the  site  of  the  small 
name  building  which  they  occupied  at  first  as  a  place  of  worship.  The  Mora- 
vians had  a  church  in  Partition,  now  Fulton,  near  William  Street,  erected  in 

The  only  Catholic  Church  in  the  city  was  St.  Peters  in  Barclay  Street, 
erected  in  1786.  The  next  was  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  corner  of  Mott  and 
Prince  streets,  which  was  opened  for  service  in  181 5. 

The  only  library  in  the  city  was  the  Society  Library  incorporated  in  1772. 
This  was  located  in  Nassau  Street  opposite  the  Middle  Dutch  Church  and  the 
building  was  at  that  time  one  of  the  architectural  ornaments  of  the  city. 

The  Custom  House  was  in  the  Government  House  erected  on  the  site  of  the 
old  fort  at  Bowling  Green.  The  Postoffice  was  kept  at  the  house  of  the  post- 
master, on  the  corner  of  William  and  Garden  streets,  in  a  room  about  30  feet 
deep,  and  a  little  vestibule  on  Garden  Street  contained  about  a  hundred  boxes. 
The  office  remained  at  this  location  until  1827,  when  it  was  removed  to  the  base- 
ment of  the  new  exchange  in  Wall  Street,  and  in  1844  it  was  transferred  to  the 
Middle  Dutch  Church,  in  Nassau  Street. 


THE  PARK  THEATRE,  BUILT  IN   1 798 


58 


I1UDS0X-FULT0N  CELEBRATION 


Three  banks  were  at  this  time  in  operation.    The  Bank  of  New  York,  char- 
tered in  1791,  with  a  capital  of  $950,000,  had  Matthew  Clarkson  as  its  first  Establishment 
president.    The  United  States  Bank  was  incorporated  the  same  year  with  °*  the 
Cornelius  Ray  as  president  and  with  a  capital  of  $10,000,000,  and  the  .Manhattan  First  Banks 
Bank,  incorporated  1799.  with  $2,050,000  capital,  \va>  directed  by  President 
Daniel  Ludlow. 

The  insurance  companies  were  three  in  number — the  Xew  York  Marine 
Insurance,  incorporated  in  1798;  the  Mutual  Fire  Insurance,  incorporated  the 
same  year,  and  the  Washing-ton  Fire  Insurance,  incorporated  in  1801.  Both  the 
banks  and  the  insurance  companies  were  all  located  in  'Wall  Street. 

Seven  daily  newspapers  were  now  issued  in  the  city — the  New  York  Gazette 

and  General  Advertiser,  the  New  York  Evening  Post,  the  American  Citizen,  the 

Commercial  Advertiser,  the  Public  Advertiser  and  the  Mercantile  Advertiser.  _  „    ,  ,. 

Daily  Journalism 

besides  the  New  York  Weekly  Museum,  published  every  Saturday,  and  two 
medical  journals,  the  one  published  quarterly  and  the  other  semi-annually,  to- 
gether with  the  Churchman's  Magazine. 

Following  the  treaty  which  John  Jay  negotiated  with  England,  involving  the 
freedom  of  American  shipping,  there  arose  the  necessity  for  quoting  the  prices 
current  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  Recognizing  this  demand,  the  New  York 
Prices  Current  was  established  in  1795,  subsequently  becoming  the  New  York 
Commercial  of  today,  which  is  a  recognized  authority  in  industrial,  mercantile 
and  financial  circles. 

Three  stages  sufficed  for  the  wants  of  the  travelling  community.  One  of 
these  ran  to  Greenwich,  one  to  Harlem  and  the  other  to  Manhattanville  The 
Greenwich  stage  started  from  Baker's  Tavern,  corner  of  Wall  and  New  streets, 
and  the  other  from  the  Bull's,  opposite  the  Bowery  Theatre. 

The  only  theatre  in  the  city  at  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  was  the 
Park,  built  in  1798.  and  opened  three  nights  in  each  week.    This  theatre  was 
burned  in  1820,  rebuilt  and  reopened  in  the  following  year,  and  burned  again 
for  the  last  time  in  1849,  when  its  site  was  covered  with  warehouses.  This 
fronted  the  park  from  which  it  derived  its  name,  between  Ann  and  Beekman 
streets,  and  long  retained  the  theatrical  monopoly  of  the  city.    Among  those  Places  of 
opened  in  the  course  of  the  next  half  century  were  the  Chatham,  erected  in  Amusement 
1824,  and  growing  out  of  the  Chatham  Garden;  the  Xew  York,  afterward  the  and  Markets 
Bowery,  built  in  1826  at  the  Bull's  Head,  and  the  Lafayette,  opened  in  1825,  in  Clty 
in   Laurens,  near  Thompson  Street.    Beside  these  were  the  Broadway  and 
Mount  Pitt  Circuses,  the  latter  situated  in  Grand.  Street,  opposite  the  upper 
end  of  East  Broadway;  the  American  or  Scudder's  Museum,  opened  in  i8to 
in  the  New  York  Institution,  once  the  Alms  House,  in  Chambers  Street ;  Peale's 
Mu  seum  in   Broadway,  opposite  the  park ;  the  Chatham   Museum   and  the 
Rotunda,  erected  in  1818,  on  the  east  corner  of  the  park,  with  its  entrance 
on  Chambers  Street,  for  the  purpose  of  exhibiting  paintings. 

There  were  four  markets — the  Exchange  Market,  at  the  foot  of  Broad 

59 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Street;  the  Oswego  Market,  in  Broadway  at  the  head  of  Maiden  Lane;  the 
Old  Fly  Market,  which  in  1822  gave  place  to  Fulton  Market,  and  the  Hudson, 
or  Bare,  now  Washington  Market,  between  Fulton  and  Vesey  streets,  the  pres- 
ent structure  being  erected  in  18 13. 

There  were  two  ferries  to  Brooklyn,  one  from  Fly  Market  Slip,  near  the 
foot  of  Maiden  Lane,  and  the  other  from  Catherine  Slip.  Another  ferry  crossed 
to  Paulus  Hook,  now  Jersey  City ;  one  to  Elizabethtown  Point  and  another  to 
Staten  Island. 

The  fire  department  consisted  of  a  single  engineer  and  several  volunteer 
companies.  The  city  at  this  period  had  a  population  of  about  sixty  thousand, 
but  was  still  very  primitive.  The  Dutch  language  was  still  largely  used,  and  a 
knowledge  of  it  was  absolutely  necessary  to  do  business. 

The  lower  part  of  Pearl  Street  was  the  fashionable  quarter  of  the  town, 
though  Barclay,  Robinson  and  William  streets  were  beginning  to  dispute  its 
claims. 

Numerous  quaint  customs  and  street  cries  were  in  vogue  at  this  compara- 
tively modern  time,  all  of  which  have  now  passed  away,  and  are  known  to  us 
only  through  tradition.  A  strange  mosaic  of  different  nations,  with  its  succes- 
sive strata  of  Dutch,  English  and  French,  New  York  was  truly  a  composite 
city,  gathering  floating  material  from  every  nation  under  the  sun  wherewith 
to  form  and  mold  a  new  people. 


RESERVOIR  OF  MANHATTAN  WATER  WORKS  IN  CHAM1IERS  STREET 


60 


CHAPTER    THE  TENTH 

INSTALLATION  OF  THE  FIRST  PUBLIC 
1  WATERWORKS;  ESTABLISHMENT  OF  THE 
PUBLIC  SCHOOL  SYSTEM,  AND  THE 
FORMATION  OF  THE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 


ONE  of  the  worthy  movements  of  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury was  the  construction  of  the  Manhattan  Water  Works,  the  fore- 
runner of  the  Croton  Aqueduct.  There  had  always  heen  a 
scarcity  of  good  water  on  the  island.  The  spring  of  the  celehrated 
Tea  Water  Pump  in  Chatham  Street  was  excellent,  hut  this  would 
not  suffice  for  the  wants  of  a  whole  city ;  and  the  water  of 
the  other  wells  and  pumps,  which  were  scattered  in  profusion  over 
the  island,  was  almost  unfit  for  use.  The  initiative  step  toward  supplying 
the  city  with  water  had  been  taken  in  1774  by  Christopher  Colles,  who  had  con- 
structed a  reservoir  at  the  public  expense  on  the  east  side  of  Broadway,  be- 
tween Pearl  and  White  streets,  into  which  water  was  raised  from  large  wells 
sunk  on  the  premises  and  also  from  the  Collect,  then  distributed  by  means  of  ^ 
wooden  pipes  'throughout  the  city.  These  works  were  completed  in  the  spring  Works 
of  1776,  and  placed  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Colles,  but  the  supply  Established 
proved  insufficient,  Che  water  was  of  an  inferior  quality,  and  in  the  ensuing 
foreign  occupation  of  the  city,  the  enterprise  was  neglcoted,  then  finally  aban- 
doned, and  the  citizens  returned  to  the  wells  of  their  ancestors,  which  still  con- 
tinued to  be  located  in  the  middle  of  the  streets.  In  1798,  the  subject  was 
again  taken  into  consideration,  and  a  report  was  made  affirming  the 
impurity  of  the  water  on  the  island.  After  some  discussion  as  to  the  location 
of  a  water  works,  the  Manhattan  Water  Company,  w  ith  banking  privileges,  was 
formed.  This  company  secured  from  the  Corporation  the  grounds  formerly 
occupied  by  Colles  and  erecting  a  reservoir  in  Chambers  Street,  between  Broad- 
way and  Centre  Street,  a  locality  then  considered  far  out  of  town,  pumped 
water  into  it  from  wells  sunk  in  the  vicinity.  The  water  was  distributed  by 
means  of  bored  logs,  but  the  water  was  scarce  and  bad ;  and  the  company,  neg- 
lecting the  purpose  of  its  organization,  soon  turned  its  attention  almost  exclu- 
sively to  banking  affairs  and  it  was  not  long  before  the  new  works  were  voted 
a  failure. 

A  new  City  Hall  was  determined  on  about  the  same  time,  and  on  the  20th 

of  September,  180^,  the  cornerstone  of  the  new  edifice  was  laid  in  the  park  ^Ulldin&  o{  the 
,      ,  r  t  •  •  -i  -    1  •  ,    ,  City  Hall 

by  .Mayor  Livingston,  in  the  presence  of  the  Corporation  and  the  few  of  the 

citizens  who  had  not  fled  from  the  yellow  fever,  which  at  this  time  was  pre- 

61 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


vailing  in  the  city.  This  edifice  was  finished  in  1812,  at  a  cost  of  half  a  million 
dollars.  The  front  and  both  ends  were  built  of  white  marble  from  the  quarries 
of  Stockbridge,  Massachusetts ;  for  the  Chambers  Street  front,  red  sandstone 
was  used  from  motives  of  economy,  it  being  thought  that  the  material  of  this 
side  was  of  little  consequence,  as  so  few  citizens  would  ever  reside  on  that 
side  of  the  town. 

In  1803,  Edward  Livingston  resigned  his  office,  and  De  Witt  Clinton  was 
appointed  mayor  in  his  stead.  Clinton  was  a  native  of  the  State  of  New  York 
and  a  resident  of  the  city  from  early  youth,  having  been  the  first  graduate  of 
Columbia  College  after  its  change  of  name.  Under  his  auspices  the  Historical 
Society  was  founded,  the  Public  School  Society  instituted,  the  Orphan  Asylum 
established,  the  City  Hall  completed,  and  the  city  fortified  for  the  War  of  1812. 
He  continued  in  the  mayoralty  with  two  years'  intermission  until  1815,  when  lie 
resigned  it  to  enter  public  life  on  a  more  extended  scale  as  governor  of  his 
native  State,  and  to  mature  the  gigantic  scheme  of  canal  navigation,  which  won 
for  Xew  York  the  proud  title  of  the  Empire  State,  and  for  its  projector  the 
lasting  remembrance  of  posterity. 

The  violent  political  disputes  of  this  period  brought  on  a  duel  between 
two  of  the  most  prominent  citizens,  Alexander  Hamilton  and  Aaron  Burr.  The 
quarrel  between  the  two  was  the  result  of  political  antagonism.  In  the  State 
election  of  1803,  Burr,  who  had  lost  the  confidence  of  the  Republican  party, 
had  been  nominated  for  governor  by  the  Federalists,  in  opposition  to  Morgan 
Lewis,  and.  although  the  latter  were  at  this  time  the  leading  party  in  the  State, 
was  defeated  by  his  opponent  by  a  large  majority.  This  defection  in  the 
Federal  ranks  he  attributed  to  the  influence  of  Hamilton,  then  the  most  prom- 
inent man  in  the  party,  who  had  denounced  him  in  caucus  as  an  unprincipled 
politician  and  warmly  opposed  his  election;  and  smarting  under  the  influence 
of  his  defeat,  he  sent  him  a  challenge,  to  which  Hamilton  demurred  at  first, 
then  afterward  accepted.  At  sunrise  on  the  nth  of  July,  the  parties  met  on  a 
plateau  on  the  Jersey  shore,  about  half  a  mile  above  Weehawken.  Hamilton 
was  mortally  wounded  at  the  first  fire,  and  fell,  discharging  his  pistol  in  the 
air.  He  was  conveyed  across  the  river  to  the  house  of  Mrs.  Bayard,  where 
he  breathed  his  last  on  the  afternoon  of  the  following  day.  The  fatal  result 
of  this  affair  caused  the  deepest  sorrow,  not  only  in  the  city  but  throughout  the 
whole  country.  Hamilton  had  been  the  bosom  friend  of  Washington,  his  talents 
were  of  the  highest  order,  he  was  a  consummate  statesman,  and  his  moral 
character  was  without  a  stain.  Few  men  stood  higher  than  he  in  the  esteem 
and  confidence  of  the  community,  and  even  those  who  had  been  his  bitterest 
political  opponents  regarded  his  loss  as  the  greatest  evil  that  could  happen  to 
a  community — the  loss  of  a  man  of  unblemished  integrity  from  off  its  stage  of 
action.  His  remains  were  escorted,  on  the  14th  inst,  by  a  large  procession,  to 
Trinitv  Church,  where  the  funeral  oration  was  pronounced  by  Gouverneur 
Morris,  and  the  body  interred  with  military  honors  in  the  cemetery  of  the  church. 

62 


HUDSOX-F  ULTOX    CELK  B  RAT  I O  X 


On  November  ist,  1804,  steps  were  taken  for  the  formation  of  the  Historical 
Society,  and  on  the  4th  of  September,  iSaj,  the  first  historical  festival  com- 
memorating the  200th  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  Manhattan  Island  by 
Hendrik  Hudson  was  held. 

On  the  1 8th  of  December  of  the  same  year  a  fire  broke  out  in  a  grocery  store 
in  Front  Street,  and  raged  with  fury  for  several  hours,  burning  the  old  Coffee 
House  on  the  corner  of  Pearl  and  Wall  streets,  the  scene  of  so  many  patriotic 
gatherings  in  the  days  of  the  Revolution,  with  many  other  of  the  old  landmarks 
of  the  city.  Forty  stores  and  dwellings  were  destroyed  by  this  fire,  which  was 
supposed  to  have  been  the  work  of  an  incendiary.  The  loss  of  property  was 
estimated  at  two  millions  of  dollars. 

The  following  year  witnessed  the  initiatory  movement  of  the  Free  School. 
The  credit  of  this  is  due  chiefly  to  some  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends, 
who,  aided  by  the  efforts  of  De  Witt  Clinton,  obtained  the  incorporation  of 
the  Public  School  Society,  in  1805,  with  Clinton  as  its  first  president.  The  first 
school,  No.  i,  was  opened  on  the  i/th  of  May,  1806,  in  Madison  near  Pearl 
Street,  with  forty  scholars,  the  instruction  being  gratuitous  to  some  and  al- 
most nominal  to  all.  School  No.  2  was  built  in  Henry  Street.  The  society 
flourished  and  rapidly  increased  the  number  of  ischools  until  1842  when  the 
Public  School  Society  made  over  the  property  to  the  Corporation  and  relin- 
quished the  charter. 

In  1798  Chancellor  Robert  R.  Livingstone  had  received  from  the  Legis-  Efforts  to 
iature  the  exclusive  right  of  steam  navigation  on  all  the  waters  of  the  state.  Promote  Steam 
This  was  given  him  as  the  discoverer  of  the  new  power  and  with  the  proviso  Navigation 
that  he  should  within  twelve  months  produce  a  boat  with  a  speed  of  not  less 
than  four  miles  an  hour.    This  he  failed  to  do  and  the  grant  remained  in  abey- 
ance until  1803,  when  Robert  Fulton,  whom  he  had  met  in  France,  offered  to 
aid  him  in  his  experiments  and  a  renewal  of  the  grant  was  secured  for  a  period 
of  twenty  years,  providing  the  required  conditions  should  be  fulfilled  within 
two  years. 

They  immediately  set  to  work  to  realize  their  design.  Fulton  took  up 
his  residence  in  New  York  and  commenced  the  construction  of  the  Clermont, 
the  first  of  the  steam  vessels.  Flis  craft  was  at  the  time  jeeringly  referred  to 
as  "Fulton's  Folly,"  but  how  well  he  succeeded  the  world  knows.  The  story  of 
Ins  early  work  and  how  he  secured  the  monopoly  of  steam  navigation  in  New 
York  waters  follows. 

Robert  Fulton,  eminent  as  the  inventor  of  steamboats,  was  born  in  the      .  f  TT. 

.  .  Brief  History 

town  of  Little  Britain,  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  1705.     His  parents,  Gf  Robert  Fulton 

who  were  Irish,  were  respectable,  and  gave  him  a  common  English  education 
at  Lancaster.  He  early  exhibited  a  superior  talent  for  mechanism  and 
painting,  and  in  his  eighteenth  year  established  himself  in  the  latter  employ- 
ment in  Philadelphia,  and  obtained  much  credit  and  emolument  by  his 
portraits  and  landscapes. 

63 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


On  entering  his  twenty-second  year  he  went  to  England  for  the  purpose 
of  improving  his  knowledge  of  that  art,  and  was  received  into  the  family  of 
Mr.  West,  with  whom  he  spent  several  years  and  cultivated  a  warm  friend- 
ship. After  leaving  that  family,  he  employed  two  years  in  Devonshire  as  a 
painter,  and  there  became  acquainted  with  the  Duke  of  Bridgewater  and 
Lord  Stanhope,  the  former  famous  for  his  canals  and  the  latter  for  his  love 
of  the  mechanic  arts.  He  soon  turned  his  attention  to  mechanics,  particu- 
larly to  the  improvement  of  inland  navigation  by  canals,  and  the  use  of  steam 
for  the  propelling  of  boats ;  and  in  1794  obtained  patents  for  a  double  inclined 
plane,  to  be  used  fur  transportation,  and  an  instrument  to  be  employed  in 
excavating  canals.  He  at  this  time  professed  himself  a  civil  engineer,  and 
published  a  treatise  on  canal  navigation.  He  soon  after  went  to  France,  and 
obtained  a  patent  from  the  government  for  the  improvements  he  had  invented. 
He  spent  the  succeeding  seven  years  in  Paris,  in  the  family  of  Mr.  Joel 
Barlow,  during  which  period  he  made  himself  acquainted  with  the  French, 
Italian  and  German  languages,  and  soon  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  high 
mathematics,  physics,  chemistry  and  perspective. 

He  soon  turned  his  attention  to  submarine  navigation  and  explosion, 
and  in  1801,  under  the  patronage  of  the  First  Consul,  constructed  a  plunging 
boat,  and  torpedoes  (differing  materially  from  Bushnel's  invention,  with 
which  he  was  acquainted),  with  which  he  performed  many  experiments  in 
the  harbor  of  Brest,  demonstrating  the  practicability  of  employing  subaquatic 
explosion  and  navigation  for  the  destruction  of  vessels.  These  inventions 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  British  Government,  and  overtures  were  made 
to  him  by  the  Ministry  which  induced  him  to  go  to  London,  with  the  hope 
that  they  would  avail  themselves  of  his  machines  ;  but  a  demonstration  of 
their  efficacy  which  he  gave  the  Ministry,  by  blowing  up  a  vessel  in  their 
presence,  led  them  to  wish  to  suppress  the  invention  rather  than  encourage 
it ;  and  accordingly  they  declined  patronizing  him.  During  this  period  he 
also  made  many  efforts  to  discover  a  method  of  successfully  using  the  steam 
engine  for  the  propelling  of  boats,  and  as  early  as  1793  made  such  experi- 
ments as  inspired  him  witli  great  confidence  in  its  practicability. 

Robert  R.  Livingston,  Esq.,  Chancellor  of  New  York  and  Minister  of 
the  United  States  to  the  French  court,  on  his  arrival  in  France  induced  him 
to  renew  his  attention  to  this  subject,  and  embarked  with  him  in  making 
experiments  for  the  purpose  of  satisfying  themselves  of  the  possibility  of 
employing  steam  in  navigation.  Mr.  Fulton  engaged  with  intense  interest 
in  the  trial,  and  in  1803  constructed  a  boat  on  the  River  Seine,  at  their  joint 
expense,  by  which  he  fullv  evinced  the  practicability  of  propelling  boats  by 
that  agent.  He  immediately  resolved  to  enrich  his  country  with  this  invalu- 
able discovery,  and  on  returning  to  New  York  in  1806  commenced,  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Livingston,  the  construction  of  the  first  Fulton  boat., 
which  was  launched  in  the  spring  of  1807  from  the  shipyard  of  Charles 
Browne,  New  York,  and  completed  in  August.    This  boat,  which  was  called 

64 


IIUDSOX-FULTOX  CFLFI'.RATIOX 


the  Clermont,*  demonstrated  on  the  first  experiment,  to  a  host  of,  at  first 
incredulous,  but  at  length  astonished  spectators,  the  correctness  of  his  expec- 
tations and  the  value  of  his  invention.  Between  this  period  and  his  death 
he  superintended  the  erection  of  fourteen  other  steam  vessels,  and  made  great 
improvements  in  their  construction. 

"I  myself,"  says  Judge  Story,  "have  heard  the  illustrious  inventor  relate, 
in  an  animated  and  affecting  manner,  the  history  of  his  labors  and  discour- 
agements. 'When,'  said  he,  'I  was  building  my  first  steamboat  at  New  York, 
the  project  was  viewed  by  the  public  either  with  indifference  or  with  con- 
tempt as  a  visionary  scheme.  My  friends  indeed  were  civil,  but  they  were 
shy.  They  listened  with  patience  to  my  explanations,  but  with  a  settled  cast 
of  incredulity  on  their  countenances.  I  felt  the  full  force  of  the  lamentation 
of  the  poet- — 

Truths  would  you  teach,  to  save  a  sinking  land, 
All  shun,  none  aid  you,  and  few  understand. 

As  I  had  occasion  to  pass  daily  to  and  from  the  building  yard  while  my  boat 
was  in  progress.  I  have  often  loitered  unknown  near  the  idle  groups  of 
strangers  gathering  in  little  circles,  and  heard  various  inquiries  as  to  the 
object  of  this  new  vehicle.  The  language  was  uniformly  that  of  scorn,  sneer 
or  ridicule.  The  loud  laugh  rose  at  my  expense,  the  dry  jest,  the  wise  cal- 
culation of  losses  and  expenditures ;  the  dull  but  endless  repetition  of  the 
Fulton  folly.  Never  did  a  single  encouraging  remark,  a  bright  hope,  or  a 
warm  wish,  cross  my  path.  Silence  itself  was  but  politeness  veiling  its 
doubts  or  hiding  its  reproaches. 

"  'At  length  the  day  arrived  when  the  experiment  was  to  be  got  into 
operation.  To  me  it  was  a  most  trying  and  interesting  occasion.  1  invited 
many  friends  to  go  on  board  to  witness  the  first  successful  trip.  .Many  of 
them  did  me  the  favor  to  attend  as  a  matter  of  personal  respect ;  but  it  was 
manifest  they  did  it  with  reluctance,  fearing  to  be  partners  of  my  mortifica- 
tion and  not  of  my  triumph.  I  was  well  aware  that  in  my  case  there  were 
many  reasons  to  doubt  of  my  own  success.  The  machinery  [like  Fitch's 
before  him  J  was  new  and  ill  made;  and  many  parts  of  it  were  constructed 
by  mechanics  unacquainted  with  such  work,  and  unexpected  difficulties 
might  reasonably  be  presumed  to  present  themselves  from  other  causes. 

"  'The  moment  arrived  in  which  the  word  was  to  be  given  for  the  vessel 
to  move.  My  friends  were  in  groups  on  the  deck.  There  was  anxiety  mixed 
with  fear  among  them.  They  were  silent,  sad  and  weary.  I  read  in  their 
looks  nothing  but  disaster,  and  almost  repented  of  my  efforts.  The  signal 
was  given  and  the  boat  moved  on  a  short  distance  and  then  stopped  and 
became  immovable.  To  the  silence  of  the  preceding  moment  now  succeeded 
murmurs  of  discontent,  and  agitations,  and  whispers,  and  shrugs.  I  could 
hear  distinctly  repeated,  "I  told  you  it  was  so;  it  is  a  foolish  scheme;  I  wish 

*  So  named  from  the  seat  of  the  Livingston  family.  (See  Clermont,  Columbia 
county.) 

65 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Early  Steam 
Navigation  in 
New  York 
Waters 


we  were  well  out  of  it."  I  elevated  myself  upon  a  platform  and  addressed 
the  assembly.  I  stated  that  I  knew  not  what  was  the  matter;  but  if  they 
would  be  quiet  and  indulge  me  for  half  an  hour,  I  would  either  go  on  or 
abandon  the  voyage  for  that  time. 

"  'This  short  respite  was  conceded  without  objection.  I  went  below  and 
examined  the  machinery,  and  discovered  that  the  cause  was  a  slight  mal- 
adjustment of  some  of  the  work.  In  a  short  period  it  was  obviated.  The 
boat  was  again  put  in  motion.  She  continued  to  move  on.  All  were  still 
incredulous.  None  seemed  willing  to  trust  the  evidence  of  their  own  senses. 
We  left  the  fair  city  of  New  York ;  we  passed  through  the  romantic  and  ever- 
varying  scenery  of  the  Highlands;  we  descried  the  clustering  houses  of 
Albany;  we  reached  its  shores;  and  then,  even  then,  when  all  seemed 
achieved.  I  was  the  victim  of  disappointment.  Imagination  superseded  the 
influence  of  fact.  It  was  then  doubted  if  it  could  be  done  again  ;  or  if  done, 
it  was  doubted  if  it  could  be  made  of  any  great  value.'  " 

Fulton  obtained  a  patent  for  his  inventions  in  navigation  by  steam  in 
February,  1809,  and  another  for  some  improvements  in  1811.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  appointed  by  the  Legislature  of  New  York  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners to  explore  a  route  for  a  canal  from  the  great  lakes  to  the  Hudson, 
and  engaged  with  zeal  in  the  promotion  of  that  great  work.  On  the  com- 
mencement of  hostilities  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  in  1812, 
he  renewed  his  attention  to  submarine  warfare,  and  contrived  a  method  of 
discharging  guns  under  water,  for  which  he  obtained  a  patent.  In  1814  he 
contrived  an  armed  steamship  for  the  defense  of  the  harbor  of  New  York, 
and  also  a  submarine  vessel,  or  plunging  boat,  of  such  dimensions  as  to  carry 
one  hundred  men,  the  plans  of  which  being  approved  by  the  government,  he 
was  authorized  to  construct  them  at  the  public  expense. 

Mr.  Fulton  was  familiarly  acquainted  with  many  of  the  most  distin- 
guished literary  and  political  characters  both  of  the  United  States  and  of 
Europe,  was  a  director  of  the  American  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  and  a  member 
of  several  literary  and  philosophical  societies. 

Fulton  had  not  been  alone  in  the  pursuit  of  this  lucrative  monopoly. 
John  Stevens  and  his  son,  R.  L.  Stevens,  of  Hoboken,  had  long  cherished  the 
idea  of  utilizing  the  power  of  steam  for  navigation  and  almost  simultaneously 
with  Fulton,  but  a  little  too  late,  had  effected  their  purpose  in  the  steamer 
Phoenix.  Anticipated  in  the  scheme  by  his  successful  rival,  Mr.  Stevens 
struck  out  into  a  new  field,  and,  sending  his  steamer  round  to  Philadelphia  by 
sea,  first  won  the  mastery  over  the  waters  of  the  ocean  as  Fulton  had  done 
over  those  of  the  rivers.  It  was  not  long  before  the  monopoly  was  set  aside, 
and  the  Stevens  again  entered  the  lists  of  competition,  producing  an  improved 
.steamboat,  capable  of  making  thirteen  and  a  half  miles  an  hour,  which  con- 
vinced the  doubters  and  persuaded  them  that  the  age  of  miracles  was  not  yet 


One  of  the  most  important  uses  of  this  new  power  which  had  thus  been 

66 


HUDSOX-FULTON  CELEBRATION' 


forced  into  the  service  of  mankind  was  in  bridging  the  rivers  which  separated 
the  city  from  the  opposite  shores.  The  ferries,  especially  those  of  Long  Island, 
had  always  borne  an  important  part  in  the  history  of  the  city;  from  their  rent 
a  great  part  of  its  revenue  had  been  derived,  and  the  proprietorship  had  been 
a  constant  source  of  dispute  between  the  citizens  and  the  residents  at  the 
opposite  tenrtinus.  We  have  noted  the  progress  of  the  ferries  from  time  to 
time,  in  the  preceding  pages,  but  we  propose  to  give  here  a  brief  review  of 
their  history,  the  better  to  explain  the  bearings  of  the  vexed  ferry  question. 

The  first  ferry  was  naturally  established  between  Xew  York  and  Brooklyn, 
its  earliest  neighbor.  To  avoid  as  much  as  possible  the  labor  of  stemming 
the  strong  current,  the  narrowest  part  of  the  river  was  chosen,  though  this 
was  far  above  the  furthest  limits  of  the  city,  being  from  a  point  below  Peck 
Slip  on  the  New  York  to  Fulton  Street  on  the  Long  Island  side  of  the  river. 
The  first  ferry  house  in  Xew  York  was  on  the  corner  of  Broad  and  Garden 
streets,  now  Exchange  Place,  and,  this  was  the  principle  landing  place  of  the 
ferry  boats  from  the  Long  Island  and  the  Jersey  shores.  The  Brooklyn  ferry 
house  was  a  commodious  two-story  structure  with  stables  and  outhouses  at- 
tached, for  at  this  period  they  were  used  also  as  taverns  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  travelers. 

Until  the  year  1810.  rowboats  or  pirogues  were  the  only  ferryboats  upon 

the  rivers.    Xext  came  the  horse-boats — twin  boats,  with  the  wheel  in  the  center    ,,,     _,  . 

The  Pnr 

propelled  by  a  sort  of  horizontal  treadmill  worked  by  horses,  the  first  of  winch  was  M0de  0f 
introduced  on  the  3d  of  April,  1814,  upon  the  Catherine  Street  ferry.  This  w:is  Ferriage 
a  boat  of  eight  horsepower,  crossing  the  river  in  from  twelve  to  twenty  minutes. 
The  first  improvement  was  made  in  the  substitution  of  steam  for  horses  as  the 
motive  power,  and  the  first  steamboat,  the  Nassau,  was  put  on  the  Fulton  ferry, 
on  the  8th  of  May  in  the  same  year :  but  the  new  agent  being  found  as  expensive 
as  expeditious,  it  failed  to  find  favor  in  the  eyes  of  the  Company,  and.  for  many 
years,  this  remained  the  only  steam  ferryboat  upon  the  river.  In  1824  the 
monopoly  which  had  been  granted  to  Fulton  and  Living-tun  was  set  aside  In- 
order  of  the  Supreme  Court,  the  use  of  steam  was  thrown  open  to  public  com- 
petition, and  the  horse-boats  soon  became  obsolete  institution-. 

The  first  improvement  in  the  steam  ferryboats  was  the  single  boat  with 
side-wheels,  the  first  of  which  was  the  Hoboken.  built  by  R.  L.  Stevens  in  1822. 
Simultaneously  with  these  came  the  floating  bridges  which  rise  and  fall  with  the 
tide,  aided  by  counterbalancing  weights  on  the  shore — the  invention  of  Fulton — 
and  the  spring  piles,  constructed  by  R.  L.  Stevens.  These  improvements  soon 
found  favor  on  the  ferries,  the  plan  of  bridging  the  river  by  an  arch  was  aban- 
doned in  the  face  of  this  new  agent,  which  set  time  and  space  at  defiance,  and 
the  genius  of  steam  gained  undisputed  dominion  over  the  waters. 

In  1807  a  new  missionary  enterprise  was  undertaken  by  Trinity  Church 
in  the  erection  of  St.  John's  Chapel  in  Yarick  Street,  on  what  was  then  deeme.l 
the  outskirts  of  civilization.    The  location  was  opposite  a  dreary  marsh,  covered 

67 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Real  Estate  in 
the  Early  Days 


with  brambles  and  bulrushes  and  tenanted  by  frogs  and  water  snakes,  and  was 
regarded  by  the  citizens  at  large  as  a  proof  of  insanity  on  the  part  of  the  church 
authorities. 

The  Value  A  curious  fact  discovered  on  the  records  of  a  Lutheran  church  of  New 

Placed  Upon        York  by  one  of  the  antiquarians,  to  whom  the  city  is  so  deeply  indebted  for  pre. 

serving  its  traditions  of  the  past,  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  popular  faith  at  this 
period  in  the  rise  and  progress  of  real  estate  in  the  upper  part  of  the  town.  The 
church  was  at  this  itime  involved  in  pecuniary  difficulties,  contributions  were  soli- 
cited in  its  aid,  and,  to  relieve  it  in  its  embarrassment,  a  friend  proposed  to  donate 
to  it  a  tract  of  six  acres  of  ground  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  stone  bridge  on 
the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Canal  Street ;  but,  after  mature  deliberation  the 
trustees  refused  the  gift,  alleging  that  the  land  in  question  was  not  worth  the 
trouble  of  fencing  in. 

The  commencement  of  the  United  States  Navy  Yard  at  Brooklyn  in  the 
beginning  of  the  century  called  the  attention  of  the  citizens  to  an  act  of  duty 
which  had  too  long  been  delayed.  The  first  stroke  of  the  spade  into  the  sandhill 
upon  which  the  new  buildings  were  to  be  erected  opened  a  terrible  mine  to  the 
eyes  of  the  public.  The  whole  shore,  the  slope  of  the  hill,  the  sand  island  in  the 
vicinity — all  were  filled  with  the  bones  of  the  prison  martyrs,  who  had  been 
thrust  coffinless  into  the  ground  and  literally  piled  one  upon  another.  The 
horrible  revelation  reminded  the  citizens  of  the  too-long  neglected  duty ;  the 
relics  were  carefully  collected  and  placed  in  the  charge  of  the  Tammany  Society, 
and,  on  the  8th  of  May,  1808,  escorted  by  one  of  the  grandest  processions  that 
New  York  had  ever  witnessed,  were  conveyed  to  their  final  resting  place  in  a 
vault  in  Jackson  Street,  not  far  from  the  spot  of  their  original  interment.  Thir- 
teen coffins  filled  with  the  bones  were  carried  in  the  procession,  and  eighteen 


VIEW  OF  BROOKLYN  FROM  NEAR  PECK  SLIP,  1845 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


Was  Laid  Out 


hogsheads  besides  were  gathered  from  the  sands  and  deposited  in  the  vault. 
The  Corporation  attended  in  a  body,  the  bells  were  tolled  and  minute  guns  fired 
during  the  procession,  and  the  whole  city  seemed  clad  in  mourning. 

In  1811,  the  city  was  again  devastated  by  a  terrible  conflagration,  which 
raged  with  fnry  for  several  hours,  destroying  nearly  a  hundred  houses,  and 
baffling  for  a  long  time  all  the  efforts  of  the  firemen.  The  steeple  of  the  Brick 
Church  and  the  cupola  of  the  New  Jail  took  lire  and  were  barely  saved,  the  one 
by  the  prompt  action  of  a  sailor  by  the  name  of  Stephen  McCormick,  the  other 
by  the  presence  of  mind  of  a  prisoner  on  the  premises.  Both  were  afterward 
rewarded  by  the  Corporation. 

One  of  the  most  important  events  of  this  period  was  the  adoption  of  a  plan  How  Modern 
of  the  future  city,  to  which  we  owe  the  parallel  streets  and  broad  avenues  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  island  which  contrast  so  strongly  with  the  narrow  streets  and 
crooked  lanes  of  the  down-town  locality.  This  plan  was  due  to  Simeon  Dcwitt, 
Gouverneur  Morris,  John  Rutherford  and  S.  Guel,  wdio  had  been  appointed  by  the 
Legislature  in  1801,  as  commissioners  to  lay  out  and  survey  the  whole  island  to 
Kingsbridge  into  streets  and  avenues.  By  the  proposed  plan,  the  streets,  beginning 
with  the  first  on  the  east  side  of  the  Bowery  above  Houston  Street,  numbered  up- 
ward to  the  extreme  end  of  the  island.  These  were  intersected  by  twelve  avenues, 
numbering  westward  from  First  Avenue,  the  continuation  of  Allen  Street  to 
Twelfth  Avenue  upon  the  shores  of  the  North  River.  Avenues  to  be  laid  out  east- 
ward of  the  former  were  designated  A,  B,  C  and  D.  By  this  plan  the  city  was  laid 
out  with  regularity,  and  the  triangles  formed  by  the  junction  of  old  thorough- 
fares became  public  parks.  Potter's  Field  became  Washington  Square,  the 
Bowery  and  Broadway  met  in  Union  Square,  the  union  of  the  old  and  middle 
roads  formed  Madison  Square,  and  the  great  salt  meadow  on  the  eastern  side 
of  the  city  was  drained  and  on  the  site  was  laid  out  Tompkins  Square  and  hun- 
dreds of  city  lots. 

War  was  now  raging  between  England  and  France,  and  the  embargo  laid 

upon  shipping  seriouslv  crippled  the  commerce  of  the  port.    The  agressions  of 

.....  .  of  1812  Crippled 

the  Lnghsh  during  the  period  and  the  final  embargo  laid  by  that  nation  upon  Commerce 

all  ships  in  the  United  States  led  to  a  declaration  of  war  on  the  19th  of  May, 

1812. 

The  city  was  ill  prepared  for  defense,  although,  taking  warning  by  the 
•ndications  of  the  gathering  storm,  the  government  had  for  some  time  past 
been  busy  with  its  fortification.  In  the  beginning  of  1807,  the  city  was  entirely 
defenseless.  The  Narrows  and  the  Sound  were  open  and  undefended,  not  a 
fortification  was  to  be  seen  in  the  harbor  or  on  any  of  the  islands,  and  a  small 
force  might  have  sailed  up  to  the  city  without  opposition,  and  captured  it  as 
did  Nichols  in  the  days  of  Stuyvesant.  Awakened  to  a  sense  of  the  impending 
danger,  in  the  spring  of  1807,  the  general  government  began  to  take  measures 
to  fortify  the  harbor  of  New  York;  but  the  work  went  on  slowly,  and  it  was 
not  until  the  war  had  been  prosecuted  for  two  years,  and  the  city  was  threat- 

69 


How  the  War 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


ened  with  invasion  by  a  British  fleet,  that  the  citizens  took  the  work  into  their 
hands,  and  succeeded  in  rendering  the  defenses  available. 

At  this  time  the  whole  city  wore  a  martial  aspect,  militia  companies  were 
How  the  City  organizing  and  drilling  here  and  there,  the  citizens  hurried  to  and  fro  with  pick 
Was       rotecte  shovel  to  labor  upon  the  fortifications,  and  everything  bespoke  the  spirit 

of  determined  resistance.  With  this  efficient  aid,  the  works  were  soon  com- 
pleted. Castle  Clinton,  better  known  as  Castle  Garden,  was  constructed  on 
the  southwest  point  of  the  island,  the  North  Battery  was  built  at  the  foot  of 
Hubert  Street,  and  Fort  Gansevoort  was  erected  at  the  foot  of  Gansevoort 
Street.  On  Governor's  Island,  about  half  a  mile  south  of  the  city,  was  Fort 
Columbus,  wiith  the  strong  Fort  William  in  close  proximity.  About  a  mile  to 
the  westward  of  this,  on  Bedlow's  Island,  was  a  strongly  built  star-fort,  and 
on  Ellis  Island,  about  a  mile  southwest  from  Castle  Clinton,  was  a  circular 
battery.  On  Staten  Island,  eight  miles  below  the  city,  at  the  narrowest  point 
of  the  passage  between  Long  and  Staten  Islands,  stood  Fort  Richmond,  a 
strongly  built  stone  fortress,  well  supplied  with  all  the  munitions  of  war,  with 
I'ort  Tompkins  on  an  eminence  directly  in  the  rear,  and  Fort  Hudson  a  little 
way  below  on  the  shore.  In  the  Hudson  River  about  two  hundred  yards  from 
Long  Island  was  Fort  Diamond,  afterward  Fort  Lafayette,  the  strongest  fortress 
of  any,  built  on  made  ground  on  a  shoal,  which  could  only  be  seen  at  low 
water.  These  fortifications,  which  in  case  of  need  could  mount  five  hundred 
cannon,  amply  defended  the  harbor,  and  precluded  the  possibility  of  a  suc- 
cessful invasion. 

Nor  were  the  fortifications  at  Hell  Gate  and  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
island  less  effective.  On  Hallet's  Point  stood  Fort  Stevens,  with  a  stone  tower 
in  the  rear ;  the  opposite  shore  was  strongly  defended  by  the  fortifications  at 
Benson's  Point,  and  strong  works  were  erected  to  protect  McGowan's  Pass 
on  the  road  to  Harlem  and  the  Manhattanville  Pass  on  the  Bloomingdale  Road, 
between  which  a  line  of  block  houses  was  thrown  up.  Fortunately  the  war  end- 
ed without  New  York  City  being  the  scene  of  any  of  the  horrors.  In  1817,  the 
first  regular  line  of  packet  ships  to  Liverpool — the  "Black  Ball  Line" — was  es- 
tablished by  Isaac  Wright  and  Son,  Francis  Thompson,  Benjamin  Marshall  and 
Jeremiah  Thompson.  This  line  consisted  of  four  ships  from  four  to  five 
hundred  tons — the  Pacific,  Amity,  William  Thompson,  and  James  Cropper, 
which  sailed  regularly  on  the  first  day  of  every  month.  The  "Red  Star  Line" 
was  next  established  by  Byrnes,  Trimble  &  Co.,  with  four  ships,  the  Manhattan. 
Hercules,  Pantea  and  Meteor.  These  sailed  on  the  24th  of  each  month.  About 
six  months  after,  the  proprietors  of  the  "l'.lack  Ball  Line"  added  four  more 

First  Trsns- 

Atlantic  Packets  smPs  to  their  line  to  sail  on  the  16th  of  each  month,  which  were  soon  after  fol- 
and  Savings  lowed  by  the  establishment  of  the  "Swallow  Tail  Line"  by  Messrs.  Fish,  Grinnel 

Banks  &  Co.,  and  Thaddeus  Phelps  &  Co..  consisting  of  four  ships,  to  sail  on  the 

8th  of  each  month,  thus  making  a  fleet  of  sixteen  packets,  with  a  weekly  de- 
parture.   This  was  a  desideratum  which  the  citizens  had  had  an  opportunity 

70 


HUDSOX-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


to  learn  to  appreciate ;  as,  previously  to  this,  the  departures  of  the  European 
packets  had  been  very  irregular  and  had  occasioned  much  inconvenience  to 
merchants  and  travellers. 

In  1819,  the  first  savings  bank  in  the  city  was  organized  by  several  well- 
known  citizens  and  opened  in  the  basement  of  the  New  York  Institution,  once 
the  Alms  House  in  Chambers  Street,  with  W  illiam  Bayard  as  its  president. 

The  Charter  of  the  United  States  Bank,  granted  in  1791  had  expired  in 
181 1  by  limitations  and  after  vainly  trying  to  procure  a  renewal  its  officers 
applied  to  ithe  Legislature  for  a  charter  for  a  proposed  Bank  of  America  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  with  a  capital  of  $6,000,000.  Of  tins  amount  $5,000,000 
was  to  be  subscribed  at  their  option  by  the  stockholders  of  the  defunct  United 
States  Bank.  This  measure  zealously  supported  and  warmly  opposed  by  different 
factions  finally  passed  after  the  capital  had  been  reduced  to  $4,000,000.  The 
City  Bank,  with  a  capital  of  $2,000,000,  and  the  .Yew  York  Manufacturing 
Company,  the  ancestor  of  the  Phoenix  Bank,  with  a  capital  of  $1,200,000,  were 
also  incorporated  during  the  same  session  by  the  Legislature.  These  were  fol- 
lowed by  a  new  National  Bank,  chartered  in  1816  for  twenty  years,  with  a 
capital  of  thirty-five  millions,  a  branch  bank  of  which  was  established  in  New  York, 
in  Wall  Street. 

In  1819,  the  city  was  visited  by  the  yellow  fever,  which  soon  disappeared, 
to  return  with  increased  violence  in  1823,  when  its  reappearance  excited  universal 
consternation.  This  time  the  disease  broke  out  in  a  new  quarter.  Hitherto  it 
had  invariably  made  its  first  appearance  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  town;  it  now 
commenced  in  Rector  Street  near  the  North  River — a  neighborhood  which  had 
always  been  peculiarly  healthy — and  confined  its  ravages  to  that  quarter  of  the 
city.    During  the  prevalence  of  the  fever  240  persons  died,  and  the  periodical 


71 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Completion 
of  the 
Erie  Canal 


recurrence  of  the  dreadful  disease  was  only  stopped  by  the  quarantine  which 
w  as  established  on  Staten  Island  in  1821. 

In  August,  1824,  General  La  Fayette  visited  the  city  and  was  given  a  mon- 
ster reception.  After  a  tour  of  the  whole  country  in  thirteen  months,  despite 
his  lameness  and  his  eighty-six  years,  he  returned  to  New  York,  and  the  citi- 
zens bade  adieu  to  him  in  a  fete  at  Castle  Garden  which  surpassed  anything  of 
the  kind  before  witnessed  in  the  country. 

The  year  1825  witnessed  the  completion  of  a  public  work  to  which  the  city 
owes  much  of  its  present  importance — the  Erie  Canal.  This  gigantic  enterprise 
grew  out  of  the  Western  Inland  Lock  Navigation  Company,  incorporated  in 
1792,  with  fifty  members,  for  the  purpose  of  improving  the  navigation  of  the 
Mohawk  River  and  of  opening  a  communication  by  canal  to  Senaca  Lake  and 
Lake  Ontario.  The  work  completed,  the  city  of  New  York  was  naturally  se- 
lected as  a  most  suitable  place  for  the  canal  celebration.  On  the  morning  of  the 
26th  of  October,  1825,  the  first  flotilla  of  canal  boats  left  Buffalo  for  New  York, 
where  news  of  its  departure  was  received  one  hour  and  twenty  minutes  after 
by  the  sound  of  cannon  stationed  along  the  line.  The  answer  was  returned  in 
the  same  time;  and  thus,  in  less  than  three  hours,  Buffalo  had  spoken  to  New 
York  and  received  a  reply.  In  our  days  of  telegraphs  this  seems  slow  conver- 
sation, but  the  electric  wire  had  not  then  girdled  the  earth,  and  this  rapid  trans- 
mission of  news  seemed  almost  a  miracle. 

On  the  4th  of  November,  at  about  five  o'clock  in  the  morning,  the  Beet, 
consisting  of  the  Chancellor  Livingston,  in  which  were  Governor  Clinton,  the 
canal's  projector,  and  his  party,  with  a  long  line  of  canal  packet  boats  in  tow, 
arrived  at  New  York  and  anchored  near  the  State  Prison  at  Greenwich,  amid 
the  ringing  of  bells  and  the  salutes  of  artillery.  Here  they  were  met  by  the 
steamship  Washington,  with  a  deputation  of  the  Common  Council  on  board, 
to  congratulate  the  company  on  their  arrival  from  Lake  Erie.  The  fleet  soon 
after  weighed  anchor,  and,  rounding  the  Battery,  proceeded  up  the  East  River 
to  the  Navy  Yard,  where  salutes  were  fired,  and  the  visitors  were  met  by  the 
Corporation. 

Governor  Clinton  did  not  live  long  to  enjoy  his  triumph,  dying  suddenly 
while  sitting  in  his  library,  on  February  nth,  1828. 

The  Erie  Canal  was  not  the  only  public  improvement  to  be  credited  to  the 
year  1825,  for  that  day  also  marks  the  introduction  of  gas  pipes,  joint  stock 
companies  and  the  Merchants'  Exchange. 

The  use  of  gas  was  at  this  time  almost  unknown.  Hitherto  the  streets  had 
Introduction  of  keen  dimly  lighted  with  oil  lamps  and  though  experiments  had  been  made  in 
Illuminating  Gas  the  Park  in  1812,  it  was  not  until  1823  that  the  Xew  York  Gas  Light  Company 
was  incorporated  with  a  capital  of  Si, 000,000  and  given  the  privilege  of  sup- 
plying all  that  part  of  the  city  south  of  Canal  and  Grand  streets  In  May,  1825, 
it  commenced  the  proposed  improvement  by  laying  gas-pipes  in  Broadway  on 
both  sides  of  the  street,  from  Canal  Street  to  the  Battcrv.    From  these,  they 


72 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


were  gradually  extended  over  the  southern  part  of  the  Island,  though  for 
years  the  city  presented  a  checkered  appearance,  with  one  hlock  dimly  lighted 
by  the  ancient  ail-lamps,  and  the  next  brilliantly  illuminated  from  the  works 
of  the  new  gas  company.  In  1830.  the  improvement  was  extended  to  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  island  by  the  incorporation  of  the  .Manhattan  Gas  Light  Com- 
pany, with  a  capital  of  $500,000,  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the  upper  part 
of  the  city,  not  included  within  the  limits  of  the  New  York  Company. 

Not  so  beneficial  were  the  results  of  the  joint-stock  companies. 'which,  fol- 
lowing in  the  lead  of  the  speculative  fever  which  was  raging  at  this  time  so 
fiercely  m  England,  rose  only  to  lead  an  ephemeral  existence,  and  to  fall  again 
US  the  course  of  the  following  year  with  a  terrible  crash  involving  the  savings 
of  thousands  in  a  common  ruin.  The  commercial  panic  of  1S26,  brought  on 
by  the  failure  of  numerous  joint-stock  companies,  some  under  the  control  of 
fraudulent  stock-jobbers,  and  others  of  visionary  enthusiasts,  honest  in  pur- 
pose, yet  misled  themselves  and  misleading  others  by,  colossal  fortunes  built 
up  m  a  day,  destroyed,  for  a  time,  all  confidence  in  business,  and  utterly  paralyzed 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


the  commerce  of  the  city.  But  this  state  of  affairs  was  of  short  duration;  busi- 
ness gradually  revived  on  a  surer  basis,  the  public  lost  confidence  in  the  lotteries 
bogus  banks,  and  kindred  schemes  with  which  the  whole  country  had  previously 
been  flooded,  and  the  chaos  resulted  in  good  to  the  whole  community. 

This  year  witnessed  the  first  effort  to  introduce  the  Italian  opera  to  the 
shores  of  the  New  World.  The  theatre  was  already  a  fixed  institution;  the 
stage  of  the  old  Park  Theatre  had  witnessed  the  performances  of  Cooke,  Kean, 
Cooper,  Booth,  Wallack,  Conway,  Mathews  and  many  others ;  Incledon,  Braham, 
Phillips  and  other  vocalists  had  also  been  received  with  favor  by  the  New  York 
public;  yet  no  attempt  had  been  made  to  operate  performances.  In  1825,  the 
Carcia  troupe  arrived,  and,  on  the  29th  of  November,  made  their  first  appear- 
ance at  the  Park  Theatre  in  the  opera  of  "II  Barbiere  di  Seviglia,"  in  which 
Signorina  Garcia,  afterward  the  celebrated  Malibran,  then  but  seventeen  years 
of  age,  made  her  debut  before  the  American  public,  and  was  received  with  un- 
bounded enthusiasm.  The  first  opera  was  continued  for  thirty  consecutive  nights, 
then  replaced  by  others  with  equal  success.  She  afterward  appeared  in  English 
opera  at  the  Bowery  Theatre,  opened  for  the  first  time  in  October,  1828.  The 
country  was,  'however,  too  young  to  support  art  and  the  enterprise  was  abandoned. 

Other  attempts  were  made  to  permanently  establish  Italian  Opera  here  with 
like  result.  The  Academy  of  Music  opened  in  1855  with  hopes  of  success,  proved 
a  failure  and  it  was  many  years  afterward  before  grand  opera  found  a  local 
habitation  here.  It  was  at  this  period  that  marble  began  to  be  used  for  building 
Strange  Oppo-  purposes,  but  so  strong  was  the  prejudice  against  its  use  that  when  the  Ameri- 
flti0"  *°  Marble  can  Museum,  the  first  marble-fronted  building  in  this  city  after  the  City  Hall, 
was  built  in  1824,  not  a  workman  could  be  pursuaded  to  put  up  the  edifice,  and 
as  a  last  resort,  a  convict  was  pardoned  out  of  the  State  Prison  at  Sing  Sing 
on  condition  that  he  would  perform  the  work.  This  museum  was  built  by 
John  Scudder,  who  removed  his  collection  thither  from  the  rooms  which  he 
had  formerly  occupied  in  the  New  York  Institution.  It  remained  in  his  hands 
and  those  of  his  heirs  until  1840,  when  it  was  purchased  by  P.  T.  Barnum,  who 
soon  after  added  to  it  the  collection  of  Peak's  New  York  Museum,  located  in 
Broadway  near  the  corner  of  Murray  Street,  which  had  been  purchased  of  the 
proprietor  in  1838  by  the  New  York  Museum  Company. 

In  1825,  the  erection  of  the  Merchants'  Exchange  in  Wall  Street  was  com- 
menced and  finished  in  1827,  when  the  Postoffice  was  removed  to  the  Rotunda, 
where  it  remained  until  its  destruction  by  the  conflagration  of  1835.  The  New 
York  University  and  the  Masonic  Hall  in  Broadway  were  also  erected  about 
the  same  time. 

In  1832,  New  York,  now  freed  from  the  periodical  ravages  of  yellow  fever 
by  the  strict  enforcement  of  quarantine  regulations,  was  visited  for  the  first  time 
by  the  Asiatic  cholera,  which  raged  to  a  fearful  extent,  almost  depopulating  the 
city  and  creating  a  universal  panic  among  the  inhabitants.  It  returned  two 
years  after,  modified  an  violence,  then  disappeared  entirely  until  1849,  when  it 

74 


for  Building 


HUDSON-FULTON    CELEBRATIO  X 


broke  out  early  in  summer,  raged  until  late  autumn  and  once  more  appeared 
in  1855. 

One  of  the  most  important  events  in  the  history  of  this  era  in  its  bearings  Establishment 
upon  the  city  as  well  as  the  whole  country,  and  the  establishment  of  the  penny  0f  the 
press;  an  institution  which  opened  the  way  for  cheap  literature,  and,  by  placing  Penny  Press 
the  daily  journals  within  reach  of  every  citizen,  disseminated  general  knowledge, 
and  tended  emphatically  to  make  of  our  people  what  they  are  now  acknowledged 
to  be — the  greatest  reading  nation  of  any  on  the  globe. 

At  this  time,  there  were  about  fifty  daily,  weekly,  semi-weekly  and  monthly 
journals  in  New  York.  The  dailies  were  sixpenny  journals  and  were  distribute  ! 
to  regular  subscribers.  Newsboys  were  unknown  and  though  upon  the  occur- 
lence  of  some  unusual  event  a  hundred  extra  copies  were  sometimes  struck  off 
in  view  of  a  possible  outside  demand,  the  chances  for  the  sale  of  these  were 
so  hazardous,  that  few  of  the  distributors  cared  to  take  the  trouble  and  re- 
sponsibility of  offering  them  for  sale.  On  the  29th  of  October,  1832,  the 
New  York  Globe,  a  two-cent  paper,  was  issued  by  James  Gordon  Bennett,  but 
the  experiment  proved  unsuccessful,  and  the  paper  expired  just  one  month  after 
the  date  of  its  birth. 

The  idea  of  the  possibility  of  a  penny  paper  first  originated  in  the  brain 
of  Dr.  Horatio  David  Sheppard.  a  young  medical  student,  rich  in  hopes  bu: 
lacking  in  money,  who  vainly  endeavored  to  persuade  his  friends  of  the  feasibility 
of  the  scheme.  Convinced  as  he  was  that  a  spicy  journal,  offered  everywhere 
by  boys  at  the  low  price  of  one  cent,  would  be  brought  up  by  the  crowd  with 
avidity,  he  found  the  idea  scouted  by  all  the  journalists  of  the  city  to  whom  he 
in  turn  applied,  and  when  he  finally  succeeded  in  prevailing  upon  Horace  Greeley 
and  Francis  Story,  who  were  on  the  point  of  setting  up  a  printing  establish- 
ment, to  print  his  paper  and  give  him  credit  for  a  week,  he  could  only  secure  their 
co-operation  by  fixing  the  price  at  two  cents  per  copy.  On  the  1st  of  January, 
1833,  he  issued  the  Morning  Post,  his  projected  paper,  in  the  midst  of  a  violent 


RESIDENCE  OF  CHIEF  JUSTICE  JAY,  BEDFORD  17/5 

75 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Fire  and 


snow-storm,  which  checked  the  sale  and  disheartened  the  few  newsboys  engaged 
in  the  enterprise.  At  the  end  of  the  first  week,  he  met  the  promised  payment, 
during  the  second,  his  receipts  scarcely  covered  half  his  expenses,  and  at  the  ex- 
piration of  the  third,  the  young  printers,  themselves  almost  destitute  of  capital 
finding  him  wholly  unable  to  meet  his  engagements,  were  compelled  to  refuse 
him  further  credit,  and  thus  to  stop  the  publication  of  the  paper.  Discouraged 
at  his  ill  success,  Dr.  Sheppard  abandoned  the  ranks  of  journalism  and  returned 
to  his  profession. 

The  idea  fell  into  other  hands.  On  the  3d  of  September,  1833,  Benjamin 
H.  Day,  who,  in  1829,  had  commenced  the  publication  of  the  Daily  Sentinel. 
which  he  afterward  sold  to  George  H.  Evans,  issued  the  Sun,  the  first  penny 
paper  ever  published  in  New  York. 

The  year  1835  will  long  be  remembered  as  the  era  of  the  most  fearful  con- 
Financial  flagration  that  ever  devastated  the  city  of  New  York.  The  fire  broke  out  on  the 
Panic  Cause  night  of  the  16th  of  December,  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city  The  night  was 
Distress  intensly  cold — colder  than  any  that  had  been  known  for  half  a  century;  the 
little  water  that  could  be  obtained  froze  in  the  fire-hose  before  it  could  be  used, 
the  buildings  were  mostly  old  and  wooden ;  in  short,  everything  favored  the 
work  of  destruction.  The  flames  raged  fiercely  for  three  days,  completely  lay- 
ing waste  the  business  part  of  the  city,  and  consuming  648  houses  and  stores 
with  $18,000,000  worth  of  property,  among  which  were  the  marble  Exchange  in 
Wall  Street,  hitherto  deemed  fire-proof,  and  the  South  Dutch  Church  in  Garden 
Street.  Some  buildings  were  finally  blown  up  by  gunpowder  by  order  of  the  mayor 
and  the  work  of  ruin  was  thus  arrested.  But  the  destruction  had  been  fearful,  and 
not  less  terrible  were  the  consequences.  Unable  to  meet  the  heavy  demands  of 
the  sufferers,  the  insurance  companies  unaniimously  suspended  payment,  and  the 
city  seemed  almost  beggared  at  a  blow. 


EARLY  VIEW  OF  PEEKS  KILL  FROM  THE  EAST 
76 


HUDSOX-Fl'LTOX  CELKBRATIOX 


Close  upon  this  calamity  followed  the  commercial  distress  of  the  winter 
of  1837,  which  succeeded  the  suspension  of  the  United  States  Bank.  For  a  time 
the  business  world  seemed  utterly  paralyzed,  bankruptcy  followed  bankruptcy 
in  quick  succession,  and  ere  long  the  banks  of  the  State  unanimously  suspended 
payment  for  one  year,  having  been  authorized  to  do  so  by  the  State  Legislature. 
But  the  elasticity  of  the  city  was  not  long  depressed  by  these  misfortunes;  a  re- 
action took  place  before  many  months  had  passed,  and  business  revived  more 
briskly  than  ever. 

On  the  23d  of  April,  1837,  the  attention  of  the  citizens  was  aroused  by  a 
new  event,  which  was  fraught  with  interest  to  the  mercantile  portion  of  the 
community — the  arrival  from  England  of  the  steamships  "Sirius"  and  "Great 
W  estern."  the  first  ocean  steamers  ever  as  yet  seen  in  the  harbor  of  New  York. 
This  new  bond  of  union  between  the  Old  W  orld  and  the  Xew  was  hailed  with  an 
enthusiasm  scarcely  equalled  by  that  displayed  on  the  announcement  of  the 
success  of  the  Atlantic  cable,  and  schemes  were  at  once  projected  by  the  busy 
speculators  for  the  establishment  of  a  line  of  steamers  between  the  continents, 
which  were  realized  a  few  years  after  by  the  Cunard  and  the  Collins  lines. 

In  1835  the  question  of  an  adequate  water  supply  agitated  the  city,  and  the 

Croton  Aqueduct  measure  was  carried  by  popular  vote.    The  work  was  at  one? 

commenced  at  a  distance  of  fortv  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  and  about  five  building 

.01  the 

miles  from  the  Hudson  River,  where  a  dam  was  thrown  across  the  Croton  River,  Croton 
creating  a  pond  five  miles  in  length,  covering  an  area  of  four  hundred  acres.  Aqueduct 
and  containing  500.000,000  gallons  of  water.  From  this  dam.  the  aqueduct 
proceeded,  now  tunnelling  through  solid  rocks,  then  crossing  valleys  by  embank- 
ments and  brooks  by  culverts  until  it  reached  the  Harlem  River,  which  it  crossed 
by  the  magnificent  High  Bridge.  The  work  was  completed  July  4th.  1842,  and 
was  considered  one  of  the  greatest  engineering  feats  of  the  age. 

On  the  19th  of  July,  1845,  another  great  fire,  second  only  to  its  ravages  to 
that  of  1835,  broke  out  in  Xew  Street  in  the  vicinity  of  Wall,  and  burned  in  a 
southerly  direction  to  Stone  Street,  laying  waste  the  entire  district  between 
Broadway  and  the  eastern  side  of  Broad  Street,  and  consuming  several  million 
dollars'  worth  of  property. 

The  night  of  May  10th,  1849,  was  the  occasion  of  the  famous  Astor  Place 

not. 

The  native  American  party  was  at  this  time  powerful  in  the  city,  and  a  strong 
prejudice  existed  among  the  populace  against  every  one  branded  with  the  stamp 

f  '\ S  t  O  V       1 3  C  C 

of  foreign  birth.  The  open  rivalrv  between  Fdwin  Forrest,  the  favorite  American  , 
.  1  •  Riots  and 

tragedian,  and  the   English  actor,   Macready.  was  made  the  occasion   for  a  the  panjc 

popular  outbreak,  while  the  latter  was  performing  Macbeth,  in  compliance  with  of  1857 

an  invitation,  at  the  newly-erected  Astor  Place  Opera  House,  the  mob  surrounded 

the  building  and  attempted  to  hinder  the  performance  of  the  play.    A  scene  of 

violence  ensued,  and  the  mayor  wa"s  finally  compelled,  as  a  last  resort  to  call 

out  the  military,  and  order  them  to  fire  upon  the  rioters.    The  volley  was  sue- 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


ceeded  by  a  sharp  encounter,  in  which  the  mob  assailed  the  soldiers  in  turn, 
wounding  nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  their  number,  and  killing  several. 

On  the  14th  of  July,  1853,  the  World's  Fair  for  the  exhibition  of  the 
Industry  of  all  nations  was  opened  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  in  Reservoir  Square. 
On  the  5th  of  October,  1858,  the  Palace  was  destroyed  by  fire,  together  with  the 
rich  collection  of  the  Fair  of  the  American  Institute. 

On  February  5th,  1856,  was  consummated  the  purchase  of  the  land  for  Central 
Park,  at  a  cost  of  $5,444,369.90. 

The  year  of  1857  was  marked  by  one  of  the  worst  panics  the  city  had  ever 
known.  The  suffering  being  unprecedented  among  the  unemployed,  many 
of  whom  died  from  exposure  and  starvation. 

In  August,  1858,  news  reached  the  city  of  the  successful  laying  of  the 
Atlantic  Cable,  under  the  supervision  of  Cyrus  W.  Field. 


Washington's  headquarters,  newburg 


73 


CHAPTER    THE  ELEVENTH 

THE  DISSENSIONS  THAT  OCCURRED 
PREVIOUS  TO  THE  WAR  OF  THE 
REBELLION  AND  THE  MOVEMENT  TO  ESTAB- 
LISH  AN   INDEPENDENT  COMMONWEALTH 


WHEN"  the  question  that  agitated  the  country  previous  to  1861  made 
war  between  the  North  and  South  inevitable,  a  wide  dissension 
arose  in  the  city.    Many  favored  the  South,  and  in  January,  1861, 
Mayor  Fernando  Wood  proclaimed  secession  to  be  "a  fixed  fact," 
and  proposed  that  an  independent  commonwealth  to  be  called  "Tri-lnsula"  be 
formed  out  of  Manhattan,  Long  and  Staten  islands. 

This  proposition  was,  however,  frowned  upon  and  the  city  remained  loyal 
to  the  Union  and  gave  hearty  support  to  the  Northern  cause,  sending  to  the 
front  116,382  soldiers  at  a  cost  of  about  $14,500,000. 

In  July,  1863,  the  Draft  Riots,  covering  a  period  of  three  days,  occurred. 
During  this  time  business  was  entirely  suspended  while  property  valued  at 
$1,500,000  was  destroyed  and  1.000  lives  were  lost. 

In  187 1.  the  concerted  movement  against  the  "Ring,"  which  for  vears  had 
controlled  municipal  affairs,  and  had  robbed  the  city  of  $20,000,000,  led  to  the 
conviction  of  the  chief  malefactors  and  the  "Ring"  was  effectually  broken  up. 

An  effort  to  corner  gold  in  1869  led  to  the  financial  panic  which  has  become 
the  world  famous  "Black  Friday."  This  was  on  September  24th.  when  gold  was 
quoted  at  162  1-2.  This  panic  caused  much  trouble  in  the  financial  district,  many 
firms  succumbing,  but  the  panic  of  1873  caused  the  greatest  suffering  in  the 
city.  On  May  24th.  1883,  the  Brooklyn  Bridge  was  formally  opened,  and  in 
1886  the  Bartholdi  Statue  of  Liberty  was  unveiled. 

During  its  long  and  eventful  history.  New  York  City  has  been  the  scene 
of  some  very  notable  processions  and  demonstrations,  among  which  was  the  re- 
ception to  Lafayette  in  1824,  the  celebration  of  the  opening  of  the  Erie  Canal 
in  1825,  the  funeral  procession  of  President  Lincoln.  April  25th,  1865.  and  of 
General  Grant.  August  8th,  1885;  the  laying  of  the  Atlantic  Cable  in  1858;  the 
opening  of  the  Brooklyn.  Williamsburg  and  the  Queensboro  bridges,  the  Cent- 
ennial celebration  of  Washington's  inauguration  as  President  of  the  United 
States,  in  1889:  the  Columbian  Celebration  of  October,  1892  and  April.  1893;  the 
reception  of  the  Santiago  fleet  in  1898  and  the  Dewey  reception  in  1899. 

All  these,  however,  pale  into  insignificance  when  compared  with  the  magni- 
tude of  the  Hudson-Fulton  celebration,  which  commemorates  the  300th  annivers- 
ary of  the  settlement  of  Manhattan  Island  in  ifxy),  and  of  the  introduction  of 
steam  for  purposes  of  navigation  by  Robert  Fulton. 


79 


HISTORICAL 


SOUVENIR 


For  a  long  time  after  the  Civil  War,  the  city  suffered  from  the  effects  of 
not  only  that  long  struggle,  but  from  the  financial  disturbances  that  preceded 
and  followed  it,  so  that  commerce  was  crippled  and  the  onward  march  of  progress 
retarded.  But  a  city  with  a  spirit  born  of  iron  hardihood  and  privation  could 
not  be  permanently  checked  and  the  onward  march,  that  will  eventually  make  it 
the  metropolis  of  the  world,  was  resumed  with  renewed  vigor.  Vast  real  estate 
operations  became  common  and  large  buildings  of  ornate  construction,  were 
everywhere  being  constructed. 

In  keeping  with  the  march  of  progress  and  to  utilize  the  value-increasing  space 
of  the  city  proper,  the  modern  sky-scraper  of  skeleton  construction  was  con- 
ceived. This  was  the  Tower  Building,  No.  50  Broadway,  which  is  the  earliest 
example  of  this  style  of  building  in  the  United  States,  and  probably  in  the  world. 
It  was  designed  by  Bradford  Lee  Gilbert,  and  upon  its  front  the  Society  of  Archi- 
tectural Iron  Manufacturers  of  New  York  have  placed  a  tablet  commemorating 
the  erection  as  the  "earliest  example  of  steel  construction  in  which  the  entire 
weight  of  the  walls  and  floors  is  borne  and  transmitted  to  the  foundations  by 
a  framework  of  metallic  posts  and  beams." 

The  Tower  Building  is  but  fifteen  stories  high  but  its  erection  turned  atten- 
tion to  the  utilization  of  space  and  led  to  the  framing  of  building  laws  that  made 
the  Metropolitan  Building  with  its  fifty  stories ;  the  Singer  Building  with  its 
forty-one  stories,  and  scores  of  other  lofty  structures,  possible. 

If  the  great  sky-line  of  New  York  staggers  the  imagination,  what  of  the 
marvellous  network  of  pipes  and  wires  and  tunnels  under  the  streets?  The  sepa- 
rate wires  buried  under  the  pavements  of  the  metropolis  would  reach  twenty 
times  around  the  world.  There  is  more  than  $12,000,000  worth  of  copper  in  them. 
Single  cables  carry  a  thousand  wires.  With  thousands  of  wires  under  the  street 
and  hundreds  of  wireless  stations  on  the  roof  tops,  millions  of  messages  are 
whispered  underground  or  overhead  every  day,  and  news  comes  trembling  through 
the  atmosphere  from  distant  ships  and  continents. 

Down  beside  the  myriad  electric  channels  hidden  under  the  city  rushes  a 
daily  supply  of  about  480,000,000  gallons  of  sparkling  water,  of  which  325.000.000 
gallons  come  from  a  clear  moutain  lake  through  two  aqueducts,  one  of  them 
tunnelled  through  rock  and  earth  for  twenty-eight  miles.  New  Yorkers  pay  their 
city  $11,000,000  a  year  for  drinking  water. 

It  takes  10.000,000  pounds  of  food  a  day  to  supply  the  city.  There  are  about 
100  theatres,  1,300  churches  and  nearly  10,000  saloons.  In  the  midst  of  this  rush- 
ing life  105,533  cases  of  contagious  diseases  are  reported  in  a  year. 

On  and  over  and  under  the  streets  of  New  York  are  865  miles  of  surface, 
subway  and  elevated  railway  tracks,  owned  by  one  corporation  and  capitalized 
in  stocks  and  bonds  at  a  well-nigh  increditable  sum  of  $701,135,911. 


80 


CHAPTER    THE  TWELFTH 

NEW   YORK'S    POSITION  AMONG  THE 
CITIES   OF   THE   WORLD.  ITS 
POPULATION     AND  MUNICIPAL 

INSTITUTIONS.  V*  V*  V*  V* 


IN  the  three  hundredth  year  of  its  existence.  New  York  is  undoubtedly 
the  greatest  city  in  the  world.    There  are  others  that  outrank  it  numerically, 
but  population,  merely  a  question  of  natural  increase  in  the  old  world  centres, 
cannot  be  used  as  a  standard  of  measurement  for  this  city's  greatness. 
London,  Paris  and  Berlin,  all  of  which  date  from  periods  when  man  was 
just  emerging  from  a  primeval  state  are  centuries  older  than  the  Metropolis  of  the 
New  World,  yet  Xew  York  has  attained  a  population  infinitely  greater  than  any 
of  these  when  the  question  of  age  is  considered. 

In  finance,  power  has  been  attained  that  makes  itself  felt  in  every  corner 
of  the  globe,  and  its  commerce  reaches  wherever  a  civilized  people  exists. 

It  is  a  city  of  many  races  and  it  is  here  that  mankind  can  be  studied  in  every 
conceivable  phase.  It  is  the  only  thoroughly  cosmopolitan  city  on  the  American 
continent,  and  its  powers  of  amusement  and  entertainment  are  therefore  manifold. 
There  is  no  city  in  the  world  of  such  vastly  developed  interests.  It  is  in  reality  i 
composite  in  which  the  solidity  of  London  and  the  frivolity  of  Paris  are  blended 
with  the  vigor  and  vim  of  the  pushing  American.  Though  imbued  with  business 
instinct  and  the  overwhelming  desire  to  accumulate  riches,  its  people  lay  aside 
all  business  troubles  with  the  close  of  the  business  day,  fling  themselves  into  the 
festivi'ies  of  the  night  with  an  abandon  that  gives  the  city  the  appearance  of  a 
continental  resort  during  the  festal  season. 

It  is  bewildering,  overwhelming,  this  city  of  many  tongues  and  many  bloods, 
where  a  procession  of  fifty  thousand  Roman  Catholics  recently  marched  through 
festal  streets  to  their  great  cathedral — although  it  was  once  a  crime  punishable  by 
death  for  a  "popish  priest"  to  enter  Xew  York — and  eight  hundred  thousand  Jews 
abide  and  flourish  where  once  no  Jews  might  vote. 

There  are  nearly  10.000  policemen  and  nearly  3,200  miles  of  streets.  Their 
pay  alone  amounts  yearly  to  $12,865,258.  They  made  244.822  arrests  last  year. 
To  clean  the  streets  they  guard  costs  $7,418,299  for  a  single  year. 

The  parks  of  this  amazing  city  cover  fourteen  square  miles,  including  some  of 
its  choicest  ground.  It  is  said  that  they  contain  more  than  2,500,000  trees  and  are 
valued  at  $1,500,000,000.  In  other  words,  the  parks  owned  by  New  York  City 
contain  more  land  than  the  big  city  of  Rochester,  and  could  be  sold  for  enough 
to  pay  the  entire  national  debts  of  Holland,  Switzerland.  Sweden  and  Turkey. 

Si 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 

Think  of  a  city  that  has  built  514  school  houses  at  a  cost  of  about  $100,000,000, 
and  that  has  more  than  16,000  teachers  and  superintendents  educating  651,000 
children,  the  salaries  alone  being  $17,581,000  a  year!  The  Department  of  Edu- 
cation will  spend  in  a  single  year  $27,470,736. 

Greater  New  York  embraces  an  area,  of  309  square  miles,  made  up  of  Queens, 
124  square  miles;  Brooklyn,  66  square  miles;  Richmond,  57  square  miles;  the 
Bronx,  40  square  miles  and  Manhattan,  22  square  miles.  There  are  upward  of 
1000  churches  in  the  city  and  the  number  of  schools  is  500.  The  clubs  of  the 
city  number  over  200  and  the  same  number  of  hotels  is  necessary  for  the 
entertainment  of  the  city's  permanent  and  transient  guests,  while  58  daily 
newspapers,  95  weekly  and  72  monthly  publications  are  necessary  for  the  en- 
lightenment and  amusement  of  the  vast  city. 

New  York  arose  to  commercial  supremacy  in  the  19th  century,  its  rise  being 
due  to  its  central  location  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard  and  its  excellent  harbor.  The 
State's  early  endorsement  and  support  of  inland  waterways  has  had  much  to  do 
with  the  city's  progress  along  trade  lines,  as  an  avenue  which  reaches  the  West  and 
Northwest  by  way  of  the  Great  Lakes,  has  been  opened  that  makes  New 
York  City  the  natural  point  of  shipment  of  the  immense  output  of  that  vast  terri- 
tory. 

The  entire  water  front  of  Manhattan,  22  miles,  is  deep  enough  to  admit  of 
heavy  shipping  and  the  local  frontage  of  the  greater  city  is  several  times  this;  in 
Brooklyn,  the  docks  extend  along  that  portion  of  the  shore  opposite  the  lower 
end  of  Manhattan  and  farther  south  in  Gowanus  Bay. 

In  1900  the  total  capital  invested  in  manufactures  in  New  York  City  was 
$921,876,000  and  the  value  of  the  product  aggregated  $1,371,358,000. 

The  first  charter  of  Greater  New  York  went  into  effect  January  1,  1898,  but 
it  was  found  defective  in  several  important  respects  and  in  1901  the  charter  was 
amended  by  the  Legislature. 


82 


HU1  )SON-FULTON    CELH  1  '.RAT  I  (J  X 


The  fire  department  of  the  city  has  a  force  of  upward  of  4,000  men  with- 
about  170  engine  companies. 

Manhattan  and  the  Bronx  have  an  excellent  water  supply,  derived  from  the 
Croton  River,  supplemented  by  the  Bronx  and  15yram  rivers.    There  are  seven  pire 
teservoirs  storing  71,800,000,000  gallons  of  water  while  an  additional  2,900,000,-  Department 
000  gallons  can  be  drawn  from  the  small  lakes  included  in  the  Croton  River  basin.  an<*  Water 
Two  additional  storage  reservoirs  having  a  capacity  of  23,000,000,000  gallons  **upp'y 
are  now  under  construction.   The  water  is  brought  from  the  old  Croton  aqueduct, 
having  a  daily  capacity  of  73,000,000  gallons,  and  the  new  Croton  aqueduct  built 
1885-92,  capable  of  delivering  300,000,000  gallons  per  day.    The  average  con- 
sumption of  water  was  in  1905,  312,000,000  gallons  per  day. 

The  Brooklyn  water  supply  is  obtained  from  local  streams  and  wells,  the 
consumption  being  about  120,000,000  gallons  each  day. 

The  population  of  New  York  is  exceeded  only  by  London  among  the  cities  of 

the  world,  and  this  wonderful  growth  occurred  almost  entirely  in  the  nineteenth 

century,  the  city  at  this  period  growing  at  a  rate  never  before  equalled  in  the 

historv  of  the  world.    In  colonial  times  both  Boston  and  Philadelphia  outranked  T„he.  P°Pulat'on 

of  the  City 

New  \ork.  The  population  was  in  1790,  33,131;  in  1800,  60,515;  1810,  96,373; 
1820,  123,706;  1830,  202,589;  1840,  312,710;  1850,  515,477;  i860,  805,658;  1870. 
942,292;  1880,  1,206,299;  1890,  1.515,301;  and  in  1906,  after  the  creation  of 
Greater  New  York,  the  Federal  estimate  was  4,113,043.  Of  this  number  2,153, 
495  were  in  the  Borough  of  Manhattan,  285,809  in  the  Borough  of  the  Bronx, 
1,392,811  in  the  Borough  of  Brooklyn,  206,806  in  the  Borough  of  Queens  and 
74,122  in  the  Borough  of  Richmond.  The  suburban  radius  within  25  miles  of 
the  City  Hall  contains  a  population  of  nearly  5,000,000,  mostly  composed  of 
people  who  derive  their  means  of  livehood  from  Greater  New  York. 

The  housing  of  Manhattan's  immense  popuation  is  a  great  problem.  The 
density  of  population  is  129.2  to  the  acre  in  the  borough  as  against  16.63  in 
Chicago.  The  greatest  density  is  on  the  East  Side  in  the  Eighth  Assembly  Dis- 
trict where  an  area  of  98  acres  contained  in  1900  a  population  of  735.9  to  the 
acre. 

Since  that  time  steps  have  been  taken  to  remedy  the  congestion.    New  York 

has  always  been  a  cosmopolitan  city.   According  to  the  census  of  1900  the  foreign 

horn  residents  of  Manhattan  totalled  41.5  per  cent  of  its  population  the  immigra-  ^eceip!.  an(*  , 
,   .  ,  .  .     _  T  .     '  Expenditure  of 

tion  being  represented  in  order  of  prominence  by  dermans,  Irish,  Italians,  Rus-  Municipal  Cash 

sians,  Bohemians,  Hungarians  and  Austrians.  Polanders,  English,  Scotch  and 
Welsh — the  Austria-Hungary,  Russia  and  Poland  immigrants  being  almost 
wholly  Jews.  Of  the  total  population  the  females  predominated,  there  being 
1. 73 1. 497  and  but  1,705,705  males. 

The  receipts  ami  expenditures  of  New  York  City  in  1905  was  more  than 
four  times  greater  than  those  of  any  other  American  city  and  exceeded  the 
budget  of  any  other  city  in  the  world. 


The  American  Exchange   National  Bank  Building  of  the  City  of  New  York 


H  UD  SON  -FU  LTO  N  CELEBRATION 


The  total  income  was  $171,095,520  which  included  the  sum  of  $1,449,677 
received  from  the  State  for  schools.  Of  this  amount  $86,322,381  was  collected 
from  property  taxes;  $5,991,390  from  liquor  licenses;  $6,963,386  from  special 
assessments;  $9,570,812  from  water  rates  and  $3,385,228  from  docks  and  wharves. 

The  total  expenditures  were  $95,394,062  for  maintenance  and  operation  an  1 
$72>°85>358  for  construction  and  capital  outlay  other  than  loans  repaid.  The 
principal  items  of  expenditure  for  maintenance  and  operations  were:  schools, 
$22,109,834;  interest  on  debt,  $16,730,134;  police  department,  $12,120,872;  fire 
department,  $6,003,311;  hospitals,  asylums,  almshouses  and  other  charities, 
$5,828,441  ;  water  works,  $3,518,066. 

The  principal  items  for  construction  were:  streets,  $12,793,102;  schools, 
$12,988,583;  bridges,  $5,887,137;  water  works,  $4,179,379  and  docks  and 
wharves,  $7,813,159. 

There  is  a  bonded  debt  of  some  $600,257,813  and  a  Moating  debt  of  $5,400,- 
367,  and  against  this  indebtedness  there  is  a  sinking  fund  of  $172,119,154. 

The  legal  borrowing  limit  exclusive  of  the  water  debt  is  10  per  cent  of  the 
assessed  valuation,  which  is  now  in  Greater  New  York,  $7,250,500,000,  of  which 
6.807,179,704  is  in  realty  and  $443,320,885  in  personal  property.  Of  this  total 
$4,946,648,920  is  assigned  to  Manhattan  and  $476,663,679  to  the  Bronx. 

The  commerce  of  New  York  based  on  the  latest  attainable  figures  showed 
that  it  is  six  times  greater  than  that  of  the  next  largest  port.  The  imports 
running  to  over  $700,000,000  and  the  exports  to  over  $600,000,000.  New  York  T,he.  Commerce 
has  practically  a  monopoly  of  the  trade  between  Europe  and  the  Great  Lakes,  and 
Northwestern  territory,  and  imports  the  bulk  of  manufactured  goods.  It  leads  in 
the  import  of  sugar,  cotton,  linen  and  jute  goods,  jewelry,  and  precious  stones, 
chemicals,  coffee,  cocoa  and  tobacco.  It  exports  most  of  the  machinery  and  a 
'arge  part  of  the  copper. 


of  the  Port 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


The  Problem 
of  Passenger 
Transportation 


Installation  of 
the  Subway 
System 


New  York's  most  important  industry  is  the  manufacture  of  clothing.  Sugar 
and  molasses  refining  ranks  second  in  value  of  product,  while  the  printing  and 
publishing  business  is  far  in  excess  of  other  American  cities.  New  York  has 
no  rival  in  the  variety  of  its  highly  finished  manufactured  articles. 

In  a  city  of  such  vast  population  the  problem  of  passenger  transportation 
naturally  offers  great  difficulties.  The  wholesale  houses  being  in  the  lower 
section  of  the  city  and  the  retail  district  in  the  middle,  the  transportation  of  wage 
earners  to  their  homes  which  lie  in  the  upper  end  and  the  surrounding  regions 
across  the  waterways  leads  to  great  crowding  and  discomfort  during  the  "rush'' 
hours.  Nearly  all  the  thoroughfares  have  car  lines  leading  north  from  the 
business  district  so  the  limit  of  surface  transportation  was  long  ago  reached. 

To  meet  these  conditions  the  question  of  elevated  railroads  was  taken  up 
over  forty  years  ago,  and  resulted  in  the  building  of  the  Ninth  Avenue  line  which 
was  opened  in  1870,  from  the  battery  to  Fifty-ninth  Streets,  and  since  extended 
to  the  Harlem  district.  The  Sixth,  the  Second  and  Third  avenue  lines  quickly 
followed,  but  so  great  was  the  increase  in  travel  that  these  were  soon  found 
inadequate,  and  in  1886  the  cable  system  was  introduced,  but  in  1898  the  under- 
ground electric  trolley  supplanted  it. 

It  had  for  years  been  admitted  that  the  only  solution  to  the  problem  of 
quickly  handling  the  immense  crowds  was  the  underground  railwray  and  in  Janu- 
ary, 1900,  a  contract  was  awarded  to  build  an  underground  system  from  one  end 
of  Manhattan  to  the  other  with  a  branch  at  1  o_|  th  Street,  to  the  Bronx.  Work 
was  begun  the  following  March,  and  the  road  runs  from  the  northern  limits  oi 
the  city  and  under  the  East  River  to  Brooklyn. 

So  successful  was  this  system  in  relieving  congestion  that  others  were 
planned,  and  during  the  present  year  the  Hudson  Tunnel,  though  not  thorougnly 
completed,  has  been  opened  to  travel.  This  tunnel  is  intended  to  bring  the 
various  railroad  stations  into  communication  with  contiguous  territory  and  avoid 
the  necessity  of  using  the  ferries  in  suburban  travel.  At  present  its  trains  run 
from  Sixth  Avenue  and  23rd  Street,  and  intermediate  stations  to  Jersey  City, 
Weehawken  and  Hoboken.  It  has  two  distinct  systems  under  the  Hudson  River 
and  will  eventually  connect  the  Grand  Central  with  all  the  other  railroads,  and 
the  New  Jersey  towns  within  the  New  York  suburban  zone. 

The  ferry  system  between  Manhattan  and  the  surrounding  region  is  also  an 
'important  factor  in  the  transportation  question.  There  are  several  lines  to 
Brooklyn  and  Jersey  City,  while  lines  also  connect  with  Hoboken,  Weehawken, 
Port  Lee,  Staten  Island,  and  other  points. 

The  construction  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge  in  1883,  would,  it  was  thought, 
forever  settle  the  transportation  problem  as  far  as  communication  with  Brooklyn 
was  concerned,  but  while  it  helped  some  it  was  soon  found  inadequate,  and  in 
1896  the  Williamsburg  Bridge  was  built.  This  structure,  while  of  immense 
capacity,  served  for  a  time  to  relieve  the  congestion,  and  again  relief  was  sought. 
This  will  be  provided  by  the  Manhattan  Bridge  now  nearing  completion.  All 

86 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


these  bridges  are  wonders  in  construction  and  rank  with  structures  of  similar 
character  in  any  part  of  the  world. 

During  the  present  year  the  Queensboro  Bridge,  probably  the  finest  ever 
erected,  was  completed. 

The  bridge  and  approaches  extend  from  the  easterly  side  of  Second  Avenue 
between  59th  and  60th  Streets,  Manhattan,  to  the  westerly  side  of  Crescent  Street 
at  Jane  Street,  in  Queens.  The  Queens  Plaza  extends  from  Crescent  Street 
to  Jackson  Avenue.  The  cost  of  the  property  acquired  by  the  city  for  the 
approaches  was  $3,400,000  in  Manhattan  and  $1,000,000  in  Queens,  the  total 
cost  of  the  entire  bridge  being  $12,600,000. 

There  are  only  four  bridges  in  existence,  one  of  the  cantilever  type  and 
three  of  the  suspension  type,  of  longer  span  than  that  over  the  west  branch 
of  the  East  River.  The  cantilever  is  the  Firth  of  Forth  Bridge  in  Scotland,  which 
has  a  span  of  1,710  feet.  The  three  suspension  bridges  are  the  ones  in  New 
York  City  over  the  East  River. 

The  Queensboro  Bridge  is  7,449  feet  long,  having  in  addition  a  plaza 
on  the  Queens  side  of  1,152  feet.  The  Manhattan  approach  is  1,052  feet  long, 
the  main  bridge  3,724^2  feet  and  the  Queens  approach  2,6723/2.  The  main  bridge 
consists  of  two  cantilever  spans,  two  anchor  spans  and  the  span  over  Blackwell's 
Island.    The  Manhattan  anchor  arm  is  feet  long;  the  cantilever  span  over 

the  west  branch  of  the  East  River  is  1,182  feet;  the  Blackwell's  Island  span,  630 
feet ;  the  cantilever  span  over  the  east  branch  of  the  East  River  984  feet,  and  the 
Queens  anchor  arm  459  feet. 

It  was  opened  June  12th  with  a  great  demonstration,  the  people  of  Queens 
devoting  an  entire  week  to  festivities  in  honor  of  the  event. 

Just  how  long  these  mammoth  bridges  and  subways  will  serve  to  keep  down 
travel  congestion  is  a  problem.  The  city  is  growing  rapidly,  and  is  destined  to 
become  the  greatest  on  earth  :  so  that  in  working  out  transportation  lines  the 
authorities  have  not  only  the  present,  but  future  conditions  to  figure  on. 


EARLY  VIEW  OF  WILLIAMSUl'KG,  1817 
87 


The  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


Brief  Chronological  History 

of 

Important  Events  in  the  Settlement  of 

New  York 

From   the  Earlieft   Records  to  the   Present  Day 

1524    Yerrazzano,  a  Florentine,  discovers  the  harbor  of  Xew  York. 
1(505)    Henry  Hudson,  an  Englishman,  sails  up  the  river  that  bears  his  name. 
Hill    Champlain,  a  Frenchman,  discovers  the  lake  which  bears  his  name. 
161 1    The  Dutch  build  a  fort  and  trading  house  at  New  York  and  at  Albany, 
lii lii    Kingston  first  settled. 

1619  Dermer,  an   Englishman,  the  first  who  sailed  through   bong  Island 

Sound. 

1620  The  Dutch  West  India  Company  established. 

1623    Pearl  street  formed,  the  first  street  ever  made  in  Xew  York. 

1629  Wouter  Van  T wilier,  the  Dutch  governor,  arrived  in  Xew  Amsterdam. 

1630  Michael  Paw,  a  Dutch  subject,  purchases  Staten  Island  of  the  Indians. 
1632    West  end  of  Long  Island  began  to  be  settled  by  the  Dutch. 

1(533    The  Dutch  erect  a  small  fort  at  Hartford,  Conn. 

K53S    William  Kieft  succeeded  Van  Twiller  as  governor  of  New  Netherland. 

War  with  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware. 

Negro  slaves  introduced  into  Xew  Netherland. 
163!)    The  English  settled  at  Oyster  Bay:   they  were  driven  off  by  Gov. 
Kieft. 

1(510    The  English  settle  Southampton,  Long  Island. 

1(512    The  Dutch  fort  Hope  at  Hartford  seized  by  the  English. 

1643    The  Xew  England  colonies  leagued  against  the  Dutch  and  Indians. 

First  church  erected  in  Xew  York. 
1.646    Battle  between  the  Dutch  and  Indians  at  Horse  Neck. 
1641     Peter  Stuyvesant  arrives  as  the  successor  of  Gov.  Kieft. 

1650  Gov.  Stuyvesant  arriving  at   Hartford,  demands  a  surrender  of  the 

lands  on  Connecticut  River. 

1651  The  tract   now  Westchester  County,  purchased  of  the   Indians  by 

T.  Pell. 

1655    Fort  Casimer  on  the  Delaware  captured  from  the  Swedes. 

1663  Hostilities  with  the  Indians  near  Esopus  i  Kingston). 

1664  Charles  II  grants  Xew  Netherland  to  the  Duke  of  York. 

Col.  Nichols,  with  an  armed  force,  compels  Gov.  Stuyvesant  to  sur- 
render Xew  Amsterdam  to  the  English,  which  now  is  named 
Xew  York. 


89 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


1665  New  York  incorporated :  Thomas  Willet  the  first  mayor. 
John  Shute  licensed  to  teach  the  English  language  at  Albany. 
Town  and  county  rates  paid  in  beef  and  pork. 

1666  The  French  from  Canada  send  an  expedition  against  the  Mohawks. 

1667  Col.  Francis  Lovelace  succeeds  Col.  Nichols  as  governor. 

1668  A  carriage  road  from  New  York  to  Harlem  ordered  to  be  made. 

1669  Gov.  Lovelace  institutes  horse  races  at  Hempstead,  L.  I. 
Catharine  Harrison  accused  of  witchcraft:  tried  by  the  Assizes. 
The  New  England  Indians  unsuccessfully  invade  the  Mohawks. 

1672  The  first  Friend,  or  Quaker,  preached  in  New  York. 

1673  War  with  Holland :   New  York  surrendered  to  the  Dutch. 
Anthony  Clove  appointed  governor,  surrendered  to  the  English  the 

next  year. 

First  post-rider  between  New  York  and  Boston  made  a  trip  once  in 

three  weeks. 
Fort  Frontenac  built  at  Ontario. 

i 

1675  Edmund  Andros  appointed  governor  of  New  York. 

1676  Price  of  grain  fixed  by  the  governor:  winter  wheat  5s.,  summer  wheat 

4s.  6d.  per  bushel. 
1679    No  bolting  mills  allowed,  or  flour  packed  out  of  New  York. 

1682  The  Duke  of  York's  charter  granted. 

1683  Thomas  Dongan  arrives  as  successor  of  Gov.  Andros. 

First  Legislative  Assembly  of  New  York  convened  at  Hempstead. 
None  but  freemen  allowed  to  trade  up  Hudson  River. 

1684  M.  de  la  Barre  invades  the  country  of  the  Five  Nations. 

1685  The  Jews  petition  for  liberty  to  exercise  their  religion:   petition  not 

granted. 

1686  King  James  II  forbids  the  use  of  printing  presses  in  New  York. 
City  of  New  York  pays  10  per  cent,  interest  for  borrowed  money. 
Albany  incorporated  a  city. 

1687  M.  Denonville  with  2000'French  and  Indians  marches  against  the 

Senecas. 

1688  New  York  and  New  Jersey  added  to  the  jurisdiction  of  New  England. 

1689  The  Five  Nations  make  a  descent  on  Montreal. 

Accession  of  William  and  Mary:  Leisler  seizes  the  fort  at  New  York. 

1690  Schenectady  destroyed  by  the  French  and  Indians. 

1691  Col.  H.  Sloughter  arrives  as  governor  of  the  province  of  New  York. 
Leisler  and  Milborn  executed  for  high  treason. 

First  General  Assembly  convened  in  New  York  consisted  of  17  mem- 
bers, April  9th. 

French  settlements  on  Lake  Champlain  invaded  by  Maj.  Schuyler. 
The  Duke's  laws  ceased,  provincial  laws  began. 

1692  Col.  Benjamin  Fletcher  arrives  as  governor. 

_..    _  90 


HUDSON'-  V  U  LT  OX    C  ELK  BRA  T I O  X 


1693  An  Episcopal  Church  established  in  New  York. 

Count  Frontenac  makes  an  incursion  into  the  Mohawk  country. 
Gov.  Fletcher  attempts  the  command  of  the  militia  of  Connecticut. 

1694  Treaty  with  the  Five  Nations  at  Albany. 

Capt.  Kidd,  the  pirate,  committed  depredations  on  the  coast  about  this 
period. 

1696    Count  Frontenac  marches  against  the  Five  Nations. 

About  6000  inhabitants  in  New  York  City  at  this  period:  complaints 
of  great  scarcity  of  bread. 

1698  Richard.  Earl  of  Bellamont,  arrives  as  governor. 

1699  Captain  Kidd  arrested  at  Boston:    his  money,  buried  at  Gardiner's 

Island,  secured. 

1700  The  Legislature  passed  a  law  to  hang  every  Popish  priest  who  entered 

the  province  to  entice  the  Indians  from  their  allegiance. 

1701  A  court  of  chancery  organized  in  New  York. 
Lord  Cornbury  arrived  as  governor. 

1702  Great  sickness  in  New  York:   General  Assembly  held  at  Jamaica. 

1707  Lord  Cornbury  prohibits  the  Presbyterians  from  preaching  without  his 

license. 

1708  Lord  Lovelace  arrives  as  governor:  he  dies  the  next  year. 

1710  Col.  Schuyler  visits  England  with  five  Indian  chiefs. 
Robert  Hunter  arrived  as  governor,  with  3000  Palatines. 

1711  £10,000  in  bills  of  credit  issued  to  aid  the  war  in  Canada. 
A  slave  market  in  YYall  street.  New  York. 

1712  Insurrection  of  negroes  in  New  York:  19  of  them  executed. 

1719  First  Presbyterian  church  in  New  York  founded. 

1720  W  illiam  Burnet  (son  of  Bishop  Burnet)  arrives  as  governor. 
A  tax  of  2  per  cent,  laid  on  European  goods  imported. 

1722    Trading  house  erected  at  Oswego. 

Congress  held  at  Albany  with  the  Six  Nations. 
1725    "New  York  Gazette,"  the  first  newspaper  published  in  New  York. 

1728  Col.  John  Montgomery  succeeds  Gov.  Burnet. 

1729  The  Society  in  London  for  propagating  the  Gospel  in  foreign  parts 

present  the  City  of  New  York  a  library  of  1642  volumes. 

1730  Jews'  synagogue  built  in  Mill  street. 

1731  Boundary  between  New  York  and  Connecticut  settled. 
The  French  erect  a  fort  at  Crown  Point. 

1732  William  Cosby  arrives  as  governor  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 
The  first  stage  began  to  run  between  Boston  and  New  York  once  a 

month  :  fourteen  days  on  the  journey. 

1736    Gov.  Cosby  died:  he  is  succeeded  by  George  Clarke. 

1738  The  Mayor  of  New  York  refuses  to  obey  the  order  for  the  impress- 
ment of  seamen. 

9i 


Broadway  and  Wall  Street 


HUDSOX-FULTON  CELKBRATIOX 


1741    Celebrated  negro  plot  in  New  York  suppressed. 

1743    George  Clinton  arrives  as  captain-general  and  governor. 

1747    Saratoga  village  destroyed  by  t lie  French  and  Indians. 

1750  A  theatre  established  at  New  York. 

1751  Treaty  with  the  Six  Nations  at  Albany. 

1753  Gov.  Clinton  is  succeeded  by   Sir   Danvers  Osbnrn,   who  commits 

suicide  five  days  after  his  arrival :  he  is  succeeded  in  the  govern- 
ment by  James  De  Lancy.  Mild  winter  in  this  and  the  three 
following  years — sloops  went  from  New  York  to  Albany  in  Janu- 
ary and  February. 

1754  A  plan  for  colonial  union  drawn  up  at  a  convention  at  Albany. 
King's  College  (now  Columbia)  founded  in  New  York. 

1755  Sir  Charles  Flardy  arrives  as  governor. 

Provincial  troops  rendezvous  at  Albany.:  F"ort  Edward  built. 

Battle  of  Lake  George,  September  8th :  French  defeated,  Dieskau  killed. 

Gen.  Shirley  arrives  at  Oswego  August  21st. 

1756  Fort  Oswego  taken  and  demolished  by  M.  Montcalm  August  1  tth. 

1757  Fort  William  Henry  taken  by  Montcalm  August  9th. 

1758  Gen.  Abercrombie  defeated  at  Ticonderoga  July  8th  with  great  loss. 
Fort  Stanwix  built  where  Rome  now  stands. 

Fort  Frontenac  taken  by  Col.  Bradstreet  August  21th. 

1759  Ticonderoga  taken  by  the  English  July  27th. 

Sir  Wm.  Johnson  defeats  the  French  at  Niagara  July  24th. 
Battle  of  Quebec,  September  13th,  Gen.  Wolfe  and  Montcalm  killed. 
17G0    Capitulation  of  M.  de  Vaudreuil  at   Montreal — entire  reduction  of 
Canada,  September  8th. 
Baptist  Church  in  Gold  street,  X.  Y.,  erected. 
liGl    Cadwallader  Colden,  having  assumed  the  government  as  President  of 
the  Council  in  17(50,  is  appointed  lieutenant  governor  in  August: 
is  superseded  by  Gen.  Robert  Moncton  in  (  )ctober  of  this  year. 
1763    Controversy  with  Xew  Hampshire  respecting  boundaries  commences. 
A  Methodist  chapel  erected  in  Xew  York. 

1765  Congress  of  delegates  from  the  colonies  met  in  Xew  York  in  October. 
Sir  Henry  Moore  arrived  as  governor. 

1766  Riots  on  the  manor  of  Rensselaer,  four  persons  killed.  June  26th. 
Rev.  Mr.  Kirkland  commences  a  mission  among  the  Oneidas. 

1767  Boundary  of  Massachusetts  fixed  at  2<i  miles  east  from  Hudson  River. 

1769  Gov.  Moore  dies:  the  government  devolves  on  Mr.  Colden. 

1770  John,  Lord  Dunmore,  governor:   he  is  succeeded  in  177]  bv  William 

Tryon,  the  last  of  the  royal  governors. 
1774    Difficulties  with  the  settlers  of  the  New  Hampshire  Grants. 
Ann  Lee  with  a  number  of  Shakers  arrived  at  New  York. 

93 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


1775  Provincial  Convention  assembled  at  New  York  April  22d,  and  dele- 

gates to  the  Continental  Congress  appointed. 
Ticonderoga  surprised  and  taken  by  Col.  Allen  May  10th. 
Provisional  Congress  at  New  York  May  22d:   Committee  of  Safety 

appointed. 

Gov.  Tryon  at  New  York  for  safety  retires  on  board  of  a  packet  in 
October. 

Gen.  Montgomery  killed  at  Quebec  December  31st. 

1776  Gen.  Schuyler  disarms  the  royalists  in  Tryon  County,  in  January. 
Royalists  on  Long  Island  disarmed  by  the  Jersey  militia. 

The  fourth  Provisional  Congress  assembled  at  White  Plains :  Dec- 
laration of  Independence  adopted  July  9th. 
Lord  Howe  with  24,000  men  lands  at  Gravesend,  L.  I.,  August  22d. 
Battle  on  Long  Island,  Americans  defeated,  August  27th. 
Gen.  Washington  retires  from  Long  Island  to  New  York  August  30th. 
The  British  take  possession  of  the  City  of  New  York. 
Great  fire  in  New  York,  about  1000  buildings  consumed,  September  21st. 
Battle  of  White  Plains  October  28th. 
Gen.  Arnold  defeated  on  Lake  Champlain  October  13th. 
Fort  Washington  on  the  Hudson  surrendered  November  16th. 

1777  Inhabitants  of  New  Hampshire  Grants  declare  themselves  independent 

of  New  York,  and  that  district  a  state  by  the  name  of  Vermont 
in  January. 

Convention  at  Kingston — State  Constitution  adopted  April  20th. 

George  Clinton  appointed  governor  July  30th. 

Burgoyne  invests  Ticonderoga  June  30th,  St.  Clair  retreats. 

Gen.  Burgoyne  arrives  at  Fort  Edward  July  30th. 

Battle  of  Oriskany,  Gen.  Herkimer  mortally  wounded,  August  6th. 

Battle  of  Bennington,  British  defeated,  August  26th. 

Forts  Montgomery  and  Clinton  taken  by  the  British  October  6th. 

Battle  of  Stillwater,  Gen.  Frazer  killed.  October  7th. 

Surrender  of  Burgoyne  at  Saratoga  October  17th. 

Kingston  burnt  by  Gen.  Vaughan  in  October. 

1778  The  legislature  assembled  at  Poughkeepsie  January  15th. 
Col.  Baylor's  troop  surprised  at  Tappan  August  28th. 
Cherry  Valley  burnt  by  the  Indians  and  Tories  November  nth. 

1779  Capture  of  Stony  Point  by  Gen.  Wayne  July  16th. 

British  post  at  Paulus  Hook  surprised  by  Maj.  Lee  July  19th. 
Gen.  Sullivan  ravages  the  country  of  the  Six  Nations. 

1780  Dark  day  commenced  at  New  York,  10  o'clock  a.  m..  May  19th. 

Sir  John  Johnson  fn  >m  Canada  makes  an  incursion  into  Johnstown 
May  21st. 

The  Indians  under  Brant  ravage  the  Mohawk  valley. 

Treason  of  Arnold :  Andre  taken  September  23d,  executed  October  2d. 

Severe  winter,  harbor  of  New  York  frozen  over. 


94 


HUDSOX-KULTON  CELEBRATION 


1781  Maj.  Ross  and  Butler  make  an  incursion  into  Johnstown,  W.  Butler 

killed. 

1782  Sir  Guy  Carlton  commander  of  the  British  in  Xew  York. 

1783  New  York  evacuated  by  the  British  November  25th. 

1784  First  voyage  from  the  United  States  to  China  by  the  "Empress  of 

China"  from  New  York,  a  ship  of  300  tons,  February. 
Seat  of  State  government  removed  to  Albany. 

Whitestown,  near  I'tica,  first  settled  by  Hugh  White  from  Connecticut. 
University  of  the  State  of  New  York  created :  regents  appointed. 

1785  Hudson  incorporated  a  city. 

Congress  of  the  United  States  met  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

1786  The  Genesee  country  granted  to  Massachusetts. 
Bank  of  New  York  in  operation. 

First  Catholic  church  built  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

1787  Columbia  College  in  New  York  incorporated. 

1788  Doctors'  mob  in  New  York,  occasioned  by  the  dissection  of  dead 

bodies :  several  persons  killed. 
Cooperstown  village  laid  out,  incorporated  in  1812. 

1789  Washington  inaugurated  President  in  New  York  April  30th. 
Vermont  acknowledged  an  independent  State. 

1790  Genesee  first  settled  by  William  and  James  Wadsworth. 
Canandaigua  first  settlement  commenced. 

1792  Society  to  promote  Agriculture,  Arts  and  Manufacture  established. 
Bath  first  settled  by  Capt.  F.  Williamson. 

Western  Inland  Lock  Navigation  Company  incorporated. 

1793  Auburn  first  settled  by  Col.  Hardenbergh. 

1791  Union  College  at  Schenectady  founded. 
Geneva  founded  by  Messrs.  Annin  and  Barton. 

1795  John  Jay  succeeds  Mr.  Clinton  as  governor. 

Cazenovia  village  founded  by  Col.  Linklaen  from  Amsterdam. 
Baron  Steuben  dies  at  Steuben  November  28th. 

1796  Forts  Oswegatchie  and  Oswego  evacuated  by  the  British. 
Sloop  Detroit,  first  American  vessel  on  Lake  Erie. 

1798    Yellow  fever  in  the  city  of  New  York  from  July  to  November. 
Schenectady  incorporated  a  city. 

1800  Cayuga  bridge,  the  longest  in  America,  finished  in  September. 

1801  George  Clinton  again  elected  governor. 
Buffalo  laid  out  by  the  Holland  Land  Company. 

U.  S.  Navy  Yard  established  in  Brooklyn  March  11th. 
Holland  Land  Company  open  their  first  land  office  in  Batavia. 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts  founded. 

1802  Military  Academy  at  West  Point  established  by  Congress. 
Sackett's  Harbor  first  settled  by  A.  Sackett.  Esq. 

05 


Trinity  Building 


HUDSON-  FU  LTOX    CELEB  RAT  I O  X 


1803    Yellow   fever  in   New   York,  about   TOO  persons  died:  commenced 
about  July  20th. 

1801    Morgan  Lewis  elected  governor:    Gen.  Philip  Schuyler  died:  Alex- 
ander Hamilton  killed  in  a  duel  with  Aaron  Burr. 
1805    Harbor  of  Genesee  made  a  port  of  entry. 

Yellow  fever  in  Xew  York,  about  300  persons  died. 
1807    Fulton's  steamboat  first  used  on  Hudson  River. 

Daniel  I).  Tompkins  governor. 

1809    New  York  Historical  Society  established. 

1812  Battle  at  Queenstown,  Gen.  Brock  killed,  October  13th. 
Hamilton  College  at  Kirkland  established. 
Rochester  first  settled. 

Maj.  Young  captures  the  first  standard  from  the  enemy  at  St.  Regis 
October  22d. 

1813  Lewistown  attacked  April  6th:  York,  I*.  C,  taken  April  27th. 
Ogdensburgh  taken  by  the  British  February  21st. 

Fort  George  taken  May  27th:  Sackett's  Harbor  attacked  May  29th. 

Perry's  victory  on  Lake  Erie  September  10th. 

Fort  George  abandoned  by  the  Americans  December  10th. 

Fort  Niagara  captured  by  the  British  December  L9th:   Buffalo  burnt. 

1814  Fort  Oswego  taken  by  the  British  May  6th:  Fort  Erie  taken  by  Gen. 

Brown  July  3d:   Battle  of  Chippewa  July  5th:   Battle  of  Bridge- 
water  July  25th :  Fort  Erie  attacked  by  the  British  August  14th. 
Battle  of  PMattsburg,  British  fleet  on  Lake  Champlain  taken,  Septem- 
ber 11th. 

1815  Robert  Fulton  died  suddenly  in  Xew  York  February  24th. 

1816  American  Bible  Society  formed  in  New  York. 
Auburn  State  Prison  commenced. 

Troy  incorporated  a  city:   West  Point  Foundry  established. 
181?    Erie  Canal  commenced  July  tth,  near  Utica. 

1818  First  steamboat  (Walk  in  the  Water)  on  Lake  Erie  built  at  Black 

Rock. 

1819  Jemima  Wilkinson,  "the  Universal  Friend,"  dies  at  Jerusalem,  Yates 

County. 

Hamilton  Literary  and  Theological  Seminary  founded. 
De  Witt  Clinton  elected  governor. 

1820  Auburn  Theological  Seminary  incorporated. 

1821  Harbor  of  Xew  York  closed  by  ice  in  January. 
Lockport  founded,  incorporated  in  1829. 
Troy  Female  Seminary  established. 

1822  Yellow  fever  in  New  York,  about  2500  persons  died. 

97 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 

1823  Joseph  C.  Yates  elected  governor. 

Champlain  Canal  completed:   it  was  commenced  in  October,  1810 
New  State  Constitution  went  into  operation  January  1st. 
Hudson  River  steamboat  monopoly  dissolved  by  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States. 

1824  De  Witt  Clinton  re-elected  governor. 

Gen.  La  Fayette  arrives  in  the  harbor  of  New  York  August  13th. 

1825  New  State  Prison  commenced  at  Sing  Sing. 
Syracuse  village  incorporated. 

Geneva  College  incorporated. 

Completion  of  the  Erie  Canal  October  26th :  grand  celebration  in  New 

York  November  4th. 
Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  commenced,  finished  in  1829. 

1826  Abduction  of  Wm.  Morgan  September  11th :    anti-Masonic  excitement 

commenced. 
American  Seamen's  Friend  Society  instituted. 

1828  De  Witt  Clinton  died  suddenly  at  Albany,  February  11th. 
Oswego  Canal  completed :  commenced  in  1826. 

1829  Martin  Van  Buren  governor ;  after  being  in  office  three  months  he 

resigned,  and  was  succeeded  by  Enos  T.  Throop. 
Safety  Fund  Act  passed  April  2d. 

American  Institute  of  the  city  of  New  York,  for  the  promotion  of 
Domestic  Industry  and  the  Advancement  of  the  Arts,  established. 

Explosion  of  the  Steam  Frigate  Fulton,  Brooklyn,  June  4th,  26  persons 
killed. 

John  Jay  died  at  Bedford. 

1830  Literary  Convention  at  New  York  on  education  October  20th. 
Col.  Marinus  Willett  died  at  New  York  August  3d,  aged  90  years. 
Elias  Hicks,  a  celebrated  preacher  among  the  Friends,  died. 
Joseph  Smith  publishes  the  "Book  of  Mormon"  at  Palmyra. 

1831  President  James  Monroe  died  in  New  York  July  4th. 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York  incorporated  April  18th. 
Tariff  Convention  at  New  York,  500  delegates,  October  26th. 

1832  Brooklyn  and  Jamaica  Railroad  incorporated  April  25th. 

The  cholera  breaks  out  in  New  York  June  27th,  continued  till  October 

19th ;  upwards  of  4000  persons  died. 
Utica  and  Buffalo  incorporated  as  cities. 
Hudson  River  open  to  Albany  January  5th. 

Red  Jacket,  a  celebrated  Seneca  chief,  died  January  20th,  near  Buffalo. 

1833  William  L.  Marcy  governor. 

Chemung  and  Crooked  Lake  Canal  completed. 
Chenango  Canal  commenced. 

Grand  Island  sold  by  the  State  to  the  East  Boston  Company. 

98 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION' 


1834  Rochester  incorporated  a  city. 

1835  Great   fire   in    Xew    York,   seventeen    millions   worth   of  property 

destroyed,  December  16th. 

1836  State  Lunatic  Asylum  at  Utica  instituted  March  30th. 

1837  William  H.  Seward  governor. 

Wreck  of  the  Mexico  on  Hempstead  Beach  January  2d. 
Tunnel  of  the  Harlem  Railroad  completed  October  26th. 
Steamboat  Caroline  at  Schlosser  burnt,  and  precipitated  over  the  Falls 
of  Niagara  by  the  British,  December  30th. 

1838  General  or  Free  Banking  Law  passed  April  18th. 

Banks  of  New  York  authorized  to  suspend  their  payments  for  one 

year,  from  May  16,  1837. 
English  steam  packets  Great  Western  and  Sirius  arrive  at  New  York. 
Battle  of  Prescott,  U.  C.,  November  13th.  "Canada  patriots"  captured. 

1839  Tenants  on  the  Rensselaer  estate  convene  at  Heme  July  4th,  payment 

of  rent  refused :  sheriff  resisted :   military  force  called  out :  diffi- 
culties suppressed  in  December. 
District  School  Libraries  established  by  law. 

Schooner  Amistad  with  54  Africans  taken  near  Montauk  Point  August 
26th. 

1840  Drawbridge  at  Albany  gives  way,  upwards  of  20  lives  lost,  August 

18th. 

Jesse  Bud.  of  Albany,  an  eminent  agricultural  writer,  died  at  Danbury, 

Conn.,  October  6th. 
Steamboat  Lexington  burnt  in  Long  Island  Sound  January  13th. 

1841  Railroad  from  Boston  to  Albany  completed. 

Alexander  McLeod,  of  Upper  Canada,  one  of  the  party  who  burnt  the 

steamboat  Caroline,  arrested  January  27th. 
Steam  packet  President  sails  for  Liverpool  March  11th,  never  heard 

from. 

First  Washington  Temperance  meeting  held  in  New  York,  five  dele- 
gates from  Baltimore  attended,  March  24th. 

Steamboat  Erie  burnt  on  Lake  Erie  August  9th,  about  180  persons 
perished. 

Explosion  of  powder  at  Syracuse  August  20th,  about  25  persons  killed. 
1S42    Grand  Croton  celebration  in  New  York  in  October. 

Right  Rev.  John  Dubois,  Catholic  Bishop  of  New  York,  died  Decem- 
ber 20th. 

1843    William  C.  Bouck  governor. 

Landslide  at  Troy,  ten  or  twelve  buildings  crushed  and  a  number  of 

persons  killed,  February  17th. 
Grand  State  Agricultural   hair  at  Rochester,  commenced  September 

19th  :  thirty  thousand  persons  supposed  to  be  present. 

99 


Scene  on  Park  Row 


HL'DSOX-FULTOX  CELEBRATION 


1844  Gen.  Morgan  Lewis,  distinguished  in  many  public  offices,  died  in  New 

York,  April  7th,  aged  90. 

Gen.  James  Wadsworth,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  the  Genesee  coun- 
try, died  at  Geneseo,  June  7th,  aged  76. 

Long  Island  Railroad  (94  miles  in  extent)  completed  July  18th. 

Great  Agricultural  Fair  at  I'oughkeepsie,  September  18th. 

Two  persons  killed  by  the  Anti-renters  in  Rensselaer  County,  Decem- 
ber 20th. 

1845  Silas  Wright  governor. 

Great  fire  in  New  York,  upwards  of  200  buildings  burnt ;  about  six 
millions  worth  of  property  destroyed;  July  19th. 

Dep.  Sheriff  Steele  murdered  at  Andes,  Delaware  County,  by  the  Anti- 
renters,  August  7th. 

Gov.  Wright  declares  Delaware  County  to  be  in  a  state  of  insurrection. 

J.  Van  Steenberg  and  E.  O'Connor,  Anti-renters,  received  sentence  of 
death  at  Delhi.  October  11th. 

1844  Oct.  12.    First  Industrial  Congress  in  United  States  convened  here. 

1845  Jub"  T9-    Large  conflagration.  302  houses  burnt. 

1846  June  27.    New  York  and  Boston  connected  by  telegraph. 

1848  Dec.  16.    Park  Theatre  destroyed  by  fire. 

1849  May  10.    MacCready-Forrest  riots — several  people  killed. 

1850  May  14.    Erie  Railroad  opened. 

185 1  Sept.  18.    First  issue  of  New  York  Times. 

1852  June  30.    Young  Men's  Christian  Association  organized. 

1853  July  14.    Crystal  Palace  opened. 

Oct.  11.    Clearing  House,  comprising  52  banks,  goes  into  operation. 

1854  Jan.  9.    Astor  Library  opened. 

1855  Dec.  31.    Castle  Garden  ceases  to  be  a  theatre,  and  hecomes  a  depot  for 

receiving  immigrants. 

1856  Feb.  10.    East  River  frozen  over. 

April  7.  The  Steamship  Adriatic  launched.  Largest  vessel  built  up  to 
that  time. 

July  4.    Statue  of  Washington  unveiled  in  Union  Square. 

Oct.  23.    General  Assembly  (Presbyterian)  meets  and  condemns  slavery. 

Dec.  31.    Inman  Line  of  Steamers  to  Liverpool  established. 

1857  June  16.    Riot  in  connection  with  police  department  and  offices  which  are 

claimed  by  two  sets  of  officials.    Mayor  Fernando  Wood  arrested 

for  assault  and  battery. 
July  4.    Another  riot,  due  to  same  causes.    Six  men  killed.  100  wounded. 
Nov.    Large  commercial  failures  and  "hunger  demonstrations''  during 

the  panic. 

1858  Sept.  11.    Corner  stone  of  St.  Patrick's  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  laid. 
Oct.  5.    Crystal  Palace  destroyed  by  fire.    Loss,  $1,000,000. 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


]86o    Feb.  2.    Great  fire.    Fifty  lives  lost. 

1862  Nov.    At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  in  1861,  New  York  strongly 

supported  the  government  of  President  Lincoln,  but  in  1862,  a  reaction 
took  place,  and  the  Democratic  candidates  for  Congress  were  electe  1. 

1863  July  13-17.   Draft  riots,  many  persons  killed,  and  much  property  destroyed. 

1868  March  9.    Barnum's  Museum  destroyed  by  fire. 

1869  Sept.  22-26.    Great  loss  and  panic  through  the  manipulation  of  the  gold 

market  by  James  Fisk  and  the  Frie  ring. 

1870  Jan.  3.    Brooklyn  Bridge  commenced. 

1871  July  12.   Riot  caused  by  attack  on  an  Orangemen's  parade.   Thirty  persons 

'  killed. 

Sept.  4.    Disclosure  of  great  corruption  in  municipal  government.  Public 

meeting  to  obtain  prompt  redress. 
Dec.    Demonstration  of  the  International  Society  of  Workmen  suppressed. 

1872  Jan.  7.    James  Fisk,  financial  and  railway  speculator,  assassinated  by 

Edwin  Stokes. 

March.  Collapse  of  the  Erie  Railway  ring,  ruled  by  Fisk  and  Gould.  New 
directory  elected,  included  Generals  Dix  and  McClellan. 

Dec.  Legal  proceedings  against  Jay  Gould  suspended  upon  his  agreement 
to  give  up  to  the  company  $9,000,000. 

1873  Jan.  6.    Stokes  convicted  of  murder.    At  new  trial  Stokes  sentenced  to 

imprisonment  Oct.  30. 
Sept.  18.    Financial  excitement  through  suspension  of  Jay  Cooke  &  Co. 
Dec.  4.    William  M.  Tweed  convicted  of  embezzlement.    Sentenced  to  12 

years  imprisonment.    He  escaped  when  permitted  to  visit  his  home. 

1875  Nov.  24.    Death  of  William  B.  Astor. 

1876  Feb.  8.    Great  fire  with  loss  of  life.    Thirty  buildings  destroyed. 
April  10.   Death  of  A.  T.  Stewart,  the  "merchant  prince." 

Sept.  24.   "Hell  Gate''  rocks  blown  up  to  improve  harbor  entrance. 

1877  Jan.    Death  of  Commodore  Yanderbilt. 

Dec.    Greenfields  Confectionery  Works  destroyed.    Between  50  and  60 
persons  perished. 
1877-8  Elevated  railways  under  construction. 

1883  April  4.    Peter  Cooper  died  at  the  age  of  92. 

May  30.   Completion  and  opening  of  Brooklyn  Bridge. 
Oct.  22.   New  Metropolitan  Opera  House  opened. 
Dec.  4.    Standard  Theatre  destroyed  by  fire. 

1884  May  12-14.    Severe  panic  in  the  Stock  Market. 

1885  Aug.  8.    Funeral  of  General  U.  S.  Grant. 

Oct.  10.    Nine  acres  of  rock  in  Hell  Gate  channel  blown  up  by  dynamite. 

1886  Nov.  3.   Abram  S.  Hewitt  defeated  Henry  George  for  mayor. 

1887  March  3.   Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beecher  dies  at  the  age  of  73. 

103 


View  of  Lower  Broadway 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


1890  Feb.  22.   John  Jacob  Astor,  w  ealthy  benefactor  to  charities,  died. 
Nov.  15.   Financial  panic. 

Dec.  12.   Many  commercial  failures. 

1891  Aug.  22.    Fire  in  Park  Place.   Sixty  lives  lost. 

1892  Feb.  7.    Hotel  Royal,  Sixth  Avenue,  destroyed  by  fire  with  loss  of  life. 
April  25.    William  B.  Astor  died. 

Dec.  2.    Jay  Gould  dies. 

Dec.  28.    Great  explosion  in  a  tunnel  near  the  East  River,  through  the 
thawing  of  frozen  dynamite.    Nine  persons  killed. 

1893  March  7.    Severe  earthquake  shock  in  the  city  and  Long  Island. 

1894  Feb.  27.    Greater  New  York  bill  passed. 

May  13.    Dr.  Talmage's  Tabernacle  and  many  houses  destroyed  by  fire. 

1895  March  8.     The   Astor.  Lenox   and   Tildcn   libraries  consolidated  and 

endowed. 

May  4.    Washington  Memorial  Arch  inaugurated. 

June  17.    Harlem  ship  canal  opened  by  procession  of  vessels. 

Nov.  6.    Marriage  of  Duke  of  Marlborough  to  Miss  Consuelo  Vanderbilt. 

1897  Oct.  29.    Sudden  death  of  Henry  George. 

1898  Dec.  4.    Disastrous  fire  in  lower  Broadway. 

1899  March  17.    Windsor  Hotel  burnt.    Forty-five  deaths  and  many  injured. 

1901  Feb.    Carnegie  Steel  Co.  and  six  other  concerns  purchased  by  syndicate 

headed  by  J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  who  organized  the  United  States  Steel 
Corporation,  with  a  capital  of  $1,500,000,000. 

1902  Nov.  11.    New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce  new  building  dedicated  by 

President  Roosevelt. 

1903  Oct.  8.    Greatest  rainfall  recorded  by  New  York  weather  bureau,  since 

its  foundation  in  1867.    Destructive  floods. 
Dec.  19.    Williamsburg  Bridge  over  East  River  opened. 

1904  May  18.    Fraunces  Tavern,  a  building  of  historic  interest,  dating  from 

1710,  bought  by  the  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution  to  save  it 
from  demolition. 

June  15.    Excursion  steamer  General  S locum  burnt.    1200  lives  lost. 

1905  Aug.  8.    St.  Thomas  Presbyterian  Episcopal  Church  in  Fifth  Avenue 

destroyed  by  fire. 

Nov.  9-20.    Yisit  of  British  cruiser  squadron;  magnificent  reception  to 
Prince  Louis  of  Battenberg. 

1906  Jan.  25.    General  Joseph  Wheeler  died  here. 
Russell  Sage  died. 

William  J.  Bryan  arrived  in  Xew  York  from  abroad  and  was  given  a 

popular  reception. 
Stocks  at  lowest  level  in  financial  history. 

Great  parade  of  New  York  business  men  to  support  the  late  Wm.  McKinlev. 
and  to  uphold  the  "Gold  Standard." 

105 


HUDSOX-FULTON  CELEBRATION' 


1907  Feb.  7.   John  D.  Rockefeller  gives  $32,000,000  to  the  General  Educational 

Board. 

Joy  Line  steamer  Larchmont  sank  in  Long  Island  Sound,  drowning 
over  100. 

Accident  on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad  at  Williamsbridge,  killing  20, 
and  injuring  150. 

Mrs.  Russell  Sage  created  the  Sage  Foundation  with  $10,000,000  for 

philanthropic  work. 
A  National  Arbitration  and  Peace  Congress  was  opened  here. 
Governor  Hughes  signed  the  Public  Utilities  Bill. 

Mayor  McClellan  turned  the  first  sod  in  the  construction  of  the  Catskill 
Water  Supply. 

The  north  tube  of  the  Belmont  Tunnel  from  42nd  Street,  New  York, 

to  Long  Island  City  was  opened. 
Sept.  13.    The  Lusitania  completed  her  maiden  trip  to  New  York  from 

Queenstown  in  five  days  and  fifty-four  minutes. 
Oct.  21-30.   Financial  stringency  in  New  York. 

1908  Jan.  9.    East  River  Tunnel  from  the  Battery  to  Brooklyn  opened. 

Feb.  12.    New  York  to  Paris  automobile  races  started  with  six  entries. 
Feb.  25.   First  of  tunnels  between  New  York  and  Jersey  City  opened. 
April  4.    Old  Fifth  Avenue  Hotel  closed  its  doors,  previous  to  demolition. 
May  14.    New  buildings  of  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  formally 
opened. 

May  30.    Ceremonies  marking  the  removal  of  the  body  of  George  Clinton, 
first  governor  of  New  York  from  Washington  to  Kingston.  N.  Y., 
held  in  New  York  City. 
T909    Oueensboro  Bridge  opened. 

The  Hudson  Tunnel,  connecting  New  York  and  Jersey  City  completed. 

Hudson-Fulton  Celebration  in  commemoration  of  the  Ter-Centenary  of 
the  discovery  of  the  Hudson  River  by  Henry  Hudson  in  the  year 
T609 — and  first  use  of  steam  in  the  navigation  of  said  river  by  Robert 
Fulton  in  1807. 


ic; 


Looking  up  Broad  Street 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELFBRATION 


Hudson-Fulton  Celebration  Commission 

Incorporated  by  Chapter  325  of  the  Laws  of  1906 

of  the 

State  of  New  York 


To  arrange  for  the  Commemoration  of  the  Ter-Centenary  of 
the  Discovery  of  the  Hudson  River  by  Henry  Hudson  in  the 
year  1609,  and  the  Centenary  of  the  First  Use  of  Steam  in 
the  Navigation  of  said  river  by  Robert  Fulton  in  the  year  1807 


OFFICERS   OF    THE  COMMISSION 

and  Assistants 


Headquarters:  Tribune  Building,  New  York 

Telephones:      Beekman,  ;!0!)7  aud  3098 
Western  Union  Cable  Address:  "Hudfulco." 


President 

Gen.  Stewart  L.  Woodruff,  18  Wall  Street,  New  York. 
Vice-Presidents 

Mr.  Herman  Ridder,  Presiding  "Vice-President,  lt>2  William  Street,  New  York. 

Mr.  John  E.  Parsons, 
Gen.  Horace  Porter, 
Hon.  Frederick  W.  Seward, 
Mr.  Francis  Lynde  Stetson, 
Hon.  Oscar  S.  Straus, 
Mr.  Wm.  B.  Van  Rensselaer. 
Gen.  James  Grant  Wilson, 


Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie, 
Hon.  Jos.  H.  Choate, 
Maj.  Gen.  F.  D.  Grant.  U.  S.  A. 
Hon.  Seth  Low, 
Mr.  J.  Pierpon't  Morgan, 
Hon.  Levi  P.  Morton, 
Hon.  Alton  B.  Parker, 


Treasurer 

Mr.  Isaac  N.  Seligman.  No.  1  William  Street,  New  York. 


Secretary 

Mr.   Henry  W.  Sackett, 
Tribune  Building,  New  York. 


Assistant  Secretary- 
Mr.   Edward    Hagaman  Hall. 
Tribune  Building,  New  York. 


Assistants  to  the  Secretary 


Mr.  John  B.  Creighton, 
Mr.  Clarence  E.  Leonard, 


Mr.  George  N.  Moran, 
Mr.  Da-  id  T.  Wells. 


General  Executive  Assistant 

Mr.  William  Parry. 

Captain  of  Pageantry 

Mr.  A.  H.  Stoddard. 


100 


Hudson   Terminal   Buildings,   New  York. 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 

Members  of  the  Commission 


Abraham  Abraham. 

'Hon.  James  N.  Adam. 

Edward  D.  Adams. 

Herbert  Adams. 

William  P.  Adams. 

William  A.  Adriance. 

Hon.  John  G.  Agar. 

Richard  B.  Aldcroftt.  Jr. 

Alphonse  H.  Alker. 

B.  Altman. 

Louis  Annin  Ames. 

Hon.  Arthur  L.  Andrews. 

Hon.  John  E.  Andrus. 

Hon,  James  K.  Apgar. 

John  D.  Arehbold. 

Charles  H.  Armatage. 

'Hon.  James  C.  Armstrong. 

Col.  John  Jacob  Astor. 

Mrs.  Anson  P.  Atterbury. 

Dr.  Gorham  Bacon. 

George  F.  Baer. 

Frank  N.  Bain. 

Col.  Andrew  D.  Baird. 

Geo.  Wm.  Ballou. 

Hon.  Theodore  M.  Banta. 

*Hon.  John  C.  Barry. 

Dr.  George  C.  Batchellcr. 

Constr.  Wm.  J.  Baxter.  U.  S.  N. 

Dr.  James  C.  Bayles. 

Hon.  James  M.  Beck. 

*Hon.  F.  Beehe. 

August  Belmont. 

tHon.  M.  S.  Beltzhoover. 

Russell  Benedict. 

Dr.  Marcus  Benjamin. 

James  Gordon  Bennett. 

Tunis  G.  Bergen. 

Hon.  William  Berri. 

William  G.  Besler. 

Hon.  John  Bigelow. 

Hun.  Frank  S.  Black. 

Hon.  E.  W.  Bloomingdale. 

Emil  Li.  Boas. 

Henry  L.  Bogert. 

G.  Louis  Bo'ssevain. 

George  C.  Boldt. 

Reginald  Pelham  Bolton. 

Hon.  David  A.  Boody. 

Hon.  A.  J.  Boitltan. 

Alexander  F.  Bouvet. 

Hon.  Thomas  W.  Bradley. 

Com.  Herbert  L.  Bridgman. 

George  V.  Broxoer. 

Dr.  E.  Barmly  Brown. 

Vernon  H.  Brown. 

William  C.  Brown. 

Hon.  M.  T.inn  Bruce. 

Edward  P.  Bryan. 

tHon.  Wm.  P.  Bugbee 

William  L.  Bull. 

Cornelius  F.  Burns. 

•tHon.  Clifford  Bush. 

Henrv  K.  Bush-Brown. 

Hon.'E.  H.  Butler. 

Hon.  J.  Rider  Cady. 

John    F.  Calder. 

Henry  W.  Cannon. 

Hon.  Jacob  A.  Cantor. 

Herbert  Carl. 

'Hun.  Samuel  A.  Carlson. 

Andrew  Carnegie. 

Gen.  Howard  Carroll. 

John  J.  Cavanagh. 

Hon.  Joseph  H.  Choate. 

John  Claflin. 


Robert  S.  Clark. 
Sir  Caspar  Purdon  Clarke. 
tHon.  J.  H.  Clarkson. 
Hon.  George  C.  Clausen. 
Hon.  A.  T.  Clearwater. 
Rev.  Edward  B.  Coe.  D.  D. 
Frederick  J.  Collier. 
Cesare  Conti. 
E.  C.  Converse. 
Walter  Cook. 
'Hon.  Charles  W.  Cool. 
Charles  F.  Cossum. 
William  Coverly. 
Frederick  Coykendall. 
Hon.  John  H.  Covne. 
'Hon.  W.  P.  Crane. 
Rev.  Robt.  Fulton  Crary,  D.  D. 
Robt.  Fulton  Crary,  Jr. 
Paul  D.  Oravath. 
John  B.  Creighton. 
Hon.  John  D.  Crimmiris. 
Hon.  George  Cromwell. 
Frederick  R.  Cruikshank. 
E.  D.  Cummings. 
William  J.  Curtis. 
Robert  Fulton  Cuttin. 
Frederick  B.  Dalzell. 
Howland  Shippen  Davis. 
'Hon.  Jacob  H.  Daily. 
Hon.  Robert  W.  de  Forest. 
James  de  la  Montanye. 
Elias  S.  A.  de  Lima. 
William  C.  Demorest. 
Hon    Chaunceu  M.  Dcpcw. 
Edward  DeWitt. 
George  G.  DeWi't. 
Hon.  John  Diemer. 
Cleveland  H.  Do.lge. 
Philip  T.  Dodge. 
A.  W.  Dodsworth. 
Henry  H.  Doremus. 
'Hon.  Edtcard  W.  Douglas. 
Dr.  James  Douglas. 
'Hon.  Anthony  C.  Douglass. 
Hon.  Reginald  S.  Doull. 
Hon.  Frank  L.  Dowling. 
Hon.  Robert  F.  Downing. 
Hon.  Andrew  8.  Draper. 
Hon.  William  Draper. 
Hon.  John  F.  Drydon. 
Capt.  Charles  A.  DuBois. 
tHon.  John  P.  Dugan. 
Com.  Wm.  Butler  Duncan,  Jr. 
John  C.  Eamrs. 
"Hon.  Hiram  H.  Edgrrton. 
George  Ehret. 
Henry  L.  Einstein. 
'Hon.  Meyer  Einstein. 
Hon.  Charles  A.  Elliott. 
Hon.  Philip  E'ting. 
Matthew  C.  Ely. 
Roert  Erskine  Ely. 
Hon.   Smith  Ely. 
John  M.  Emery. 
Dr.  Thomas  Addis  Emmet. 
William  Temple  Emmctt. 
Hon.  Arthur  English. 
Paul  Faguet. 
Samuel  W.  Fairehild. 
Most   Rev.  John   M.  Farley. 
Hon.  J.   Sloat  Fassett. 
Barr  Ferree. 
Morris  P.  Ferris. 
Stuyvesant  Fish. 
'Hon.  Louis  T.  Fisk. 

[Names  of  Trustees  in  italics 


Theodore  Fitch. 

Winchester  Fitch. 

Hon.  James  J.  Fitzgerald. 

Frederick    S.  Flower. 

Hon.    Patrick    F.  Flynn. 

'Hon.  Alan  C.  Fobes. 

'Hon.    Wm.  Follette. 

Thomas  Powell  Fowler. 

Austen   G.  Fox. 

Hon.    Charles   S.  Francis. 

Commander   W.   B.  Franklin. 

tHon.    James    L.  Freeborn. 

Henry  C.  Frick. 

tHmn.    John  Fridge. 

'Hon.  C.  A.  Frost. 

Frank  L.  Frugone. 

Lieut.    Com.   A.    B.  Fry. 

Henry  Fuehrer. 

Frank  S.  Gardner. 

Hon.   Garret  J.  Garretson. 

Hon.   Charles   H.  Gaus. 

Hon.  Theodore  P.  Gilman. 

A.  Gips. 

Robert  Walton  Goelet. 

Dr.  Elgin  R.  L.  Gould. 

George   J.  Gould. 

Maj.  Gen.  F.  D.  Grant.  V.  S.  A. 

Capt.  Richard  H.  Greene. 

Rt.  Rev.  David  H.  Greer,  D.D. 

George  F.  Gregory. 

Htmry    E.  Gregory. 

T.  Greidanus. 

Hon.  John  W.  Griggs. 

Wallace  P.  Groom. 

tHon.    John  Gross. 

Hon.  Edward  M.  Grout. 

Hon.  John  D.  Gnntlnr. 

Abner    S.  Haisht. 

Dr.   Erin  aril  Haqaman  Hall. 

H.  A.  Hallett. 

Benjamin   F.  Hamilton. 

'Hon.   M.  D.  Hanson. 

Robert  J.  Harding. 

Edward  H.  Harriman. 

W.  R.  Harrison. 

William  HartHeld. 

Hon.   Gilbert   D.   B.  Hasbrouck. 

tHon.   John   M.  Hasbrouck. 

'Hon.  Eugene  J.  Hauratto. 

Arthur   H.  Hearn. 

George  A.  Hearn. 

Chas.  E.  Heitman. 

Theodore  Henninger. 

Col.  William  Heater. 

Peter  Cooper  Hewitt. 

tHon.  C.  W.  Hglev. 

Hon.    Warren  Higley. 

Hon.  David  B.  Hill. 

James  J.  Hill. 

Thos.  J.  Hillery. 

Hon.  Michael  H.  Hirscherg. 

Samuel   Vcrplanck  Hoffman. 

James  P.  Holland. 

Willis  Holly. 

Wflliam  Roman. 

William  C.  Hope. 

'Hon.    Randolph  Horton. 

'Hon.    Benjamin  Howe. 

Hon.    Henrv    E.  Howland. 

Dr.  LeRoy  W.  Hubbard. 

G-cni.    Thomas    H.  Hubbard. 

Hon    Henri/  Hudson. 

Walter  G.'  Hudson. 

tHon.   John    L.  Hughes. 

'Hon.   Francis   it.  Hugo. 


Ill 


A  Prominent  New  York  Office  Building 
42  Broadway 


IIUDSOX-ITLTOX    CKLKBRATK  )X 


Members    of    the    Commission — (Continued) 


Colgate  Hoyt. 

William  T.  Hunt. 

Archer  M.  Huntington. 

T.  D.  Huntting. 

Harry   B.  James. 

Col,   William  Jay. 

Henry  L.  Joyce. 

tHon.  Roswell  S.  Judson. 

Carl  W.  Jungen. 

tHon.  Irving  J.  Justus. 

Jacob  Katz. 

Hon.  William  P.  Kenneally. 

Hon'.  Francis  P.  Kenney. 

James  Kerney. 

'Hon.  Albert  Kcss-ingvr. 

Gen.  Horatio  C.  King. 

David  M.  Kinnear. 

Albert  E.  Kleinert. 

*Hon.   C.   August  Kocnig. 

Hon.  Henry  Kohl. 

Dr.   George  F.  Kunz. 

Dr.   John  LaFarge. 

Charles    R.  Lamb. 

Frederick  S.  Lamb. 

'Hon.    Robert  Lawrence. 

Homer  Lee. 

Hon.  Thomas  H.  Lee. 

Charles  W.  Lefler. 

Dr.  Henry  M.  Leipziger. 

Clarence  E.  Leonard. 

Abraham  Levy. 

Hon.  Clarence  Lexow. 

Hon.  Gustav  Lindt  nthal. 

Herman  Livingston. 

Hon.  William  Loeb.  Jr. 

E.  E.  Loomis. 

Hon.  Chester  S.  Lord. 

Hon.  Phineas  C.  Lounsbury. 

Hon.  Seth  Low. 

R.  Fulton  Ludlow. 

Hart  Lyman. 

tHon.  Thomas  Lynch. 

Col.   Arthur  MncArthur. 

Robert  J.  MacFarland. 

Creswell    Mac-La  ughlin. 

*Hon.   W.  H.  Mandeville. 

*Hon.  Elias  P.  Mann. 

William  A.  Marble. 

tHon.  Wm.  S.  Massoneau. 

George  E.  Matthews. 

Hon.  Wm.  G.  McAdoo. 

Hon.  William  McCarroll. 

'Hon.  George  B.  McClcllan. 

'Hon.  Benjamin  McClung. 

Gen.   Anson   G  McCook. 

Col.  Jolm  J.  McCook. 

Donald  McDonald. 

tHon.  Charles  McElroy. 

Hon.   Patrick   F.  McGouan. 

William   J.  McKay. 

John  J.  McKelvey. 

Hon.  St.  Clair  McKelway. 

Andrew  McLean. 

tHon.  John  McLindon. 

*Hon.  Thomas  A.  ^^cXamara. 

Rear    Admiral    George    W.  Mehille 

U.    S.  Nl 
Rev.  H.  Pereira  Mendes.  D.D. 
Hon.  John  G.  Milbum. 
Hon.  Frank  V.  Millard. 
Capt.    Jaco    W.  Miller. 
Hon.    Warner  Miller. 
Frank  D.  Millet. 
Brig. -Gen.   A.  L.  Mills.  U.S.A. 
Ogden  Mills. 
Otrden  Livingston  Mills. 
'Hon.   Gronre   11.  Minard. 
'Hon.   W.   R.  Moners. 
Eugene   F.  Moran. 


Pierpont  Morgan. 
Hon.  Fordham  Morris. 
Hon.   Levi   P.  Morton. 
Hon.  John  J.  F.  Mulcahy. 
Capt.  J.  B.  Murdoch,  U.  S.  N. 
Hon.  Arthur  H.  Murphy. 
Hon.  Franklin  Murphy. 
Oscar  G.  Murray. 
William   C.  Muschcnheim. 
tHon.  W.   H.  Myers. 
Hon.  Percival  E.  Nagle. 
Nathan  Newman. 
tHon.   Frank  Nichols. 
Henry  O.  Nickerson. 
Charles  H.  Niehaus. 
Ludwig  Nissen. 
Hon.  Lewis  Nixon. 
Charles  R.  Norman. 
George  L.  Norton. 
Hon.   Morgan  J.  O'Brien. 
Adolph   S.  Ochs. 
Hon.  Benj.  B.  Odell.  Jr. 
William  R.  O'Donovan, 
Col.   Willis  L.  Ogden. 
Eben  E.  Olcott. 
Prof.  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn. 
William   Church  Osborn. 
Percy    B.  O'-Sullivan. 
Hon.   Alton   B.  Parker. 
Orrel  A.  Parker. 
John.  E.  Parsons. 
Hon.  Samuel  Parsons. 
Samuel  H.  Parsons. 
Dr.  Edward  L.  Partridge. 
tHon.  A.  M.  Patrick. 
Commander  R.  E.  Peary.  U.  S.  N. 
Bayard  L.  Peck. 
Gordon  H.  Peck. 
Hon.   George  W.  Perkins. 
Ralph  Peters. 
Hon.  N.  Taylor  Phillips. 
Hon.  Samuel  K.  Phillips. 
tHon.  Wm.   H.  Phipps. 
Wm.  H.  Pleasants. 
George    A.  Plimpton. 
Walter   B.  Pollock. 
Dr.  Eugene  H.  Porter. 
Gen.  Horace  Porter. 
tHon.  E.  L.  Post. 
tHon.  Clarence  E.  Powell. 
'Hon.  Richard  M.  Prangen. 
Hon.  John  D.  Prince. 
Hon.   Thomas  R.  Proctor. 
Hon.   Cornelius  A.  Pugsltey. 
'Hon.   Edward  Quirk. 
Louis  C.  Raegener. 
John  H.  Ramsay. 
'Hon.    George   G.  Raymond. 
Hon.  James  W.  Redmond 
Hon.  David  S.  Rendt. 
Eugene  L.  Richards.  Jr. 
Oscar  L.  Richards. 
Herman  Ridder. 
tHon.    John  Riordan. 
Edward  Robinson. 
William  Rockefeller. 
'Hon.   W.  J.  Rockefeller. 
Maj.  Gen.  Charles  F.  Roe. 
Carl  J.  Roehr. 
Louis  T.  Romaine. 
Hon.   Elihu  Root. 
'Hon.   Arthur  P.  Rose. 
tHon.  Louis  Rosenkranz. 
tHon.  A.  Rowe. 
Thomas  F.  Ryan. 
Col.  Henry  W.  Sackett. 
'Hon.  John  K.  Sague. 
Col.  William  Cary  Sanger. 
'Hon.  A.  B.  San  try. 


George  Henry  Sargent. 
Col.  Herbert  L.  Satterlee. 
John  Scanlon. 

Lieut.  Col.  Arthur  F.  Schermerhorn 

Charles  A.  Schermerhorn. 

tHon.  Matthew  H.  V.  Schermerhorn. 

Hon.  Charles  A.  Schieren. 

Jacob  H.  Schiff. 

Hon.   Joseph  Schloss. 

Hon.  George  J.  Schneider. 

Dr.  Gustav  Seholer. 

John  Schroers. 

Pres.  Jacob  Gould  Schurmun, 

Col.  Hugh  L.  Scott,  V.  S.  A. 

Hon.  Townsend  Scudder. 

Wallace  M.  Scudder. 

Oscar  R.  Seitz. 

Isaac  N.  Seligman. 

Louis  Seligsberg. 

Hon.  Frederick  W.  Seivard. 

William  N.  Shannon. 

'Hon.    Daniel  Sheehan. 

Hon.  William  F.  Sheehan. 

Hon.  Edward  M.  Shepard. 

Hon.  Theodore  H.  Silkman. 

J.  Edward  Simmons. 

John  W.  Simpson. 

John   J.  Sinclair. 

'Hon.   C.  M.  Slauson. 

Hem.   Henri/  Smith. 

tHon    Isaac   H.  Smith. 

'Hon.   John   K.  Smith. 

Clarence  T.  Snyder. 

William  Sohmer. 

Neison  S.  Spencer. 

James  A.  Sperry. 

James  Speyer. 

Hon.  Allen  N.  Spooner. 

Hon.  George  V.  L.  Spratt. 

Isaac  Stern. 

Hon.  Louis  Stern. 

Francis  Lyndc  Stetson. 

Louis  Stewart. 

James  Stillman. 

Henry   L.  Stoddard. 

Hon.  Edhvard  C.  Stokes. 

Melville   E.  Stone. 

tHon.  Chas.  E.  Storms. 

Hon.  Oscar  S.  Straus. 

Samuel  Straus. 

Max  Strauss. 

Charles   H.  Strong. 

Hon.  Timothy  P.  Sullivan. 

tHon.  F.  Herbert  Sutherland. 

George  R.  Sutherland. 

Hon.  Leslie  Sutherland. 

Hon.  Theodore  Sutro. 

Charles  Swanson. 

'Hon.   H.    B.  Swartwout. 

George    W.  Sweenpv. 

Henry    W.  Taft. 

Stevenson  Taylor. 

J.  Terkuille. 

Eben  B.  Thomas. 

Col.    Robert   M.  Thompson. 

Frank  Tocci. 

Henry  R.  Towne. 

Irving  Townsend.  M.  D. 

Hon.  Spencer  Trask. 

Peter  H.  Troy. 

Wm.  H.  Truesdale. 

tHon.  Arthur  C.  Tucker. 

Eliot  Tuckerman. 

C.  Y.  Turner. 

tHon.  Albert  W.  Twiggar. 

Albert  Ulmann. 

F.  D.  Underwood. 

Lieut.  Com.  Aaron  Vandcrbilt. 

Alfred    G.  VanderbUt. 


[Names  of  Trustees  in  italics] 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Members    of    the    Commission— (Continued) 


Cornelius  Vauderbilt. 

Rev.   Henry  Van  Dyke,   D.  D. 

Warner  Van  Norden. 

*Hon.  Horace  S.  Van  Voast. 

John  R.  Van  Wormer. 

J.  Leonard  Varick. 

Hon.  Jacob  J.  Velton. 

William  G.  Ver  Planck. 

Hon.  Foster  M.  Voorhees. 

Hon.  E.   B.  Vreeland. 

Col.    John    W.  Vrooman. 

Hon.  Charles  G.  F.  Wahle. 

Herbert  B.  Walker. 

Capt.  Aaron  Ward.  U.  S.  N. 

Dr.  Samuel  B.  Ward. 

Hon.  W.  L.  Ward. 

*Hon.  Nathan  A.  Warren. 


tHon.    Anthony    J.  Weaver. 
"Hon.  J.  Fred  'Wehmever,  Jr 
Hon.  George  T.  Werts. 
Charles  W.  Wetmore. 
Edmund  Wetmore. 
Henry  W.  Wetmore. 
*Hon.  Thomas  Wheeler. 
Hon.  J.  DuPratt  White. 
Fred.  C.  Whitney. 
Gen.  W.  C.  S.  Wiley. 
Hon.   William   R.  Willcox. 
Charles  R.  Wilson. 
Edward   C.  Wilson. 
Frederick  W.  Wilson. 
Gen.  Jas.  Grant  Wilson. 
tHon.   L.   h.  Wing. 
Hon.  Edgerton  L.  Winthrop,  Jr. 

[Names  of  Trustees  in  italics] 


tHon.    John  Wirth. 

Hon.   John   S.  Wise. 

Hon.  H.  Otto  Wittpenn. 

Charles  B.  Wolffram. 

Hon.  Joseph  S.  Wood. 

Maj.Gen.  Leonard  Wood.  U.  S.  A. 

Gen.  Stewart  L.  Woodford. 

Hon.  Timothy  L.  Woodruff. 

W.  E.  Woolley. 

William  Wortman. 

Vincent  W.  Woytisek. 

James  A.  Wright. 

*Hon.   Frederick  M.  Young. 

Hon.    Richard  Young. 

tHon.  F.  G.  Zinsser. 


Aeronautics  Committee 

Hon.  James  M.  Beck,  Chairman.  Hon.  Theodore  P.  Oilman. 

Hon.  William  Berri.  Peter  Cooper  Hewitt. 


Hon.  Timothy  P.  Sullivan,  Chairman. 

Hon.  John  Diemer. 

Hon.  Reginald  S.  Doull. 

Hon.  Frank  L.  Dowling. 

Hon.  Robert  F.  Downing. 

Hon.  Patrick  F.  Flynn. 


Aldermanic  Committee 

Hon.  John   D.  Gunther. 
Hon.  Wm.  P.  Kenneally. 
Hon.  Francis  P.  Kenney. 
Hon.  John  J.  F.  Mulcahy. 
Hon.  Arthur  H.  Murphy. 
Hon.  Percival  E.  Nagle. 


Hon.  James  W.  Redmond. 
Hon.  David  S.  Rendt. 
Hon.  Joseph  Schloss. 
Hon.  George  J.  Schneider. 
Hon.  Jacob    J.  Velten. 


Capt.  A.  B.  Fry,  Chairman. 
Alphonse  H.  Alker. 
Constructor  Wm.  J.  Baxter. 
E.  C.  Converse. 
Frederick  B.  Dalzell. 


Aquatic  Sports  Committee 

George   Gardiner  Fry. 
Arthur   Curtiss  James. 
Harry  B  James. 
William  J.  McKay. 
Capt.  Jacob  W.  Miller. 


George  L.  .Norton. 
William  H.  Pleasants, 
Clarence  T.  Snyder. 
Herbert  B.  Walker. 
Hon.  Nathan  A.  Warren. 


Art  and  Historical  Exhibits  Committee 

J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  General  Chairman. 

SUB-COMMITTEE  ON  ART  EXHIBITS  SUB-COMMITTEE  ON  HISTORICAL  EXHIBITS 

Hon.  Robert  W.  deForest,  Chairman.  Dr.  George  F.  Kunz,  chairman. 

Sir  Caspar  Purdon  Clarke.  Philip  T.  Dodge. 

Edward   Robinson.  Samuel  V.  Hoffman. 

George  A.  Hearn.  Archer  M.  Huntington. 

Dr.  George  F.  Kunz.  Prof.  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn. 

Auditing  Committee 

Hon.  N.  Taylor  Phillips,  Chairman.      Hon.  Warren  Higley.  Hon.  William  McCarroll. 


August  F.  Jaccaci,  Chairman. 
Louis  Annin  Ames. 
Edward  D.  Adams. 
Herbert  Adams. 


Badges,  Flag  and  Poster 

Samuel  W.  Fairchild. 
Barr  Ferree. 
Samuel  V.  Hoffman. 
Frank  D.  Millet. 


Committee 

Hon.  Samuel  Parsons. 
Louis  Stewart. 
C.  Y.  Turner. 


Francis  Lynde  Stetson,  Chairman. 
Hon.  William  Berri. 
Gen.  Howard  Carroll. 


Banquet  Committee 


John   B.  Creighton. 
E.  S.  A.  De  Lima. 
Robert  E.  Ely. 


Samuel  W.  Fairchild. 
Henry   W.  SankPtt. 
Cornelius  W.nderbilt, 


Bronx  Committee 


Hon.  John  J.  Brady,  Chairman. 
Augustus  W.  Sehlemmer, 


Mr.  John  J.  McKelvey. 
Hon.  Arthur  H.  Murphy. 


Mr.  William  C.  Muchenheim 
Mr.  George  W.  Perkins. 


HUDSOX-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


Col.  Willis  L.  Ogden,  Chairman. 

Col.  William  Hester,  Vice-Chairman. 

John  B.  Creighton,  Secretary. 

Abraham  Abraham. 

Constructor  Wm.  J.  Baxter. 

Hon.  William  Berri. 

Hon.  David  A.  Boody. 

Hon.  A.  J.  Boultoon. 

Com.  Herbert  L.  Bridgman. 

Hon.  George  V.  Brower. 


Brooklyn  Committee 

Frederick  B.  Dalzell. 
Hon.  John  Diemer. 
Hon.  Robert  F.  Downing. 
Henry  Fuehrer. 
Wallace  P.  Groom. 
Hon.  John  D.  Gunther, 
James  P.  Holland. 
Hon.  Francis  P.  Kenny. 
Gen.  Horatio  C.  King. 
Albert   B.  Kleinert. 


Robert  J.  MacFarland. 

Hon.  St.  Clair  McKelvey, 

Andrew  McLean. 

Nathan  Newman. 

Ludwig  Nissen. 

Hon.  James  W.  Redmond. 

Carl  J.  Roehr. 

Hon.  Charles  A.  Schieren. 

James  A.  Sperry. 

Hon.  Jacob  J.  Velten. 

Hon.  Richard  Young. 


Carnival   and   Historical  Parades  Committee 


Herman  Ridder,  Chairman. 
Herbert  Adams, 
B.  Altman, 

Col.  Andrew  D.  Baird, 

August  Belmont, 

Hon.  William  Berri, 
George  C.  Boldt, 

Hon.  David  A.  Boody, 

Alexander  F.  Bouvet 
Hon.  George  C.  Clausen. 

Hon.  John  Diemer, 

Hon.  Reginald  S.  Doull, 

Hon.  Frank  L.  Dowling, 
Hon.  Robert  F.  Downing, 

George  Ehret, 

William  Temple  Emmet, 

Frank  L.  Frugone, 

He:iry  Fuehrer, 

Hon.  Patrick  F.  Flynn, 

Frank    S.  Gardner, 


Hon.  James  W.  Redmond. 
Hon.  David  S.  Reudt. 
Carl  J.  Roehr. 
Jacob  H.  Schiff. 
Hon.  Joseph  Schloss. 
Hon.  George  J.  Schneider. 
Dr.  Gustav  Scholer. 
John  Schroers. 
Oscar  R.  Seitz. 
Louis  Seligberg. 
William  Sohmer. 
James  Speyer. 
Hon.  Louis  Stern. 
Hon.  Timothy  P.  Sullivan. 
Charles  Swanson. 
C.  Y.  Turner. 
J.   Leonard  Varick 
Hon.  Jacob  J.  Velten. 
Edmund  Wetmore. 
Charles  B.  Wolffram. 
Vincent  W.  Woytisek. 


T.  Greidauus, 
Hon.  John  D.  Gunter, 
Arthur  H.  Hearii, 
Theodore  Henninger, 
Colgate  Hoyt. 
Hon.  Wm.  P.  Kenneally. 
Hon.  Francis  P.  Kenney. 
Gen.  Horatio  C.  King. 
Hon.   Gustav  Lindenthal. 
Frank  D.  Millet, 
Hon.  John  J.  F.  Mulcahy. 
Hon.  Arthur  H.  Murphy. 
William  C.  Muschenheim. 
Hon.  Percival  E.  Nagle. 
Hon.  Lewis  Nixon. 
Eben  E.  Olcott. 
William  Ch  irch  Osborn. 
Bayard  L.  Peck, 
lion.  Cornelius  A.  Pugsley. 
Louis  C.  Raegener. 

Children's  Festivals  Committee 

Willis  Holly. 
August  F.  Jaccaci. 
Hon.  John  .1.  F.  Mulcahy. 
Hon.  Joseph  Schloss, 
President  Jacob  Gould  Sdiurman, 

Clermont  Committee 

Robert  Fulton  Crary,  Jr. 
Robert  Fulton  Cutting. 

Stevenson  Taylor. 

Cornwall  Committee 

Hon.  J.  A.  Clarkson,  Chairman.  Creswell  MacLaughlin. 

Contracts  Committee 

Chairman. 

Nelson  Spencer. 
Decorations  and  Reviewing  Stands  Committee 


Hon.  Samuel  Parson,  Chairman. 
Edward  D.  Adams. 
Mrs.  Anson  I".  Atterbury. 
Morris  P.  Ferris. 
Dr.  E.  R.  L.  Gould. 


Eben  E.  Olcott,  Chairman. 
Constructor  Wm.  J.  Baxter,  U.S.N. 


George  R.  Sutherland. 
Hon.  Jacob  J.  Velten. 
Hon.  Edgard  L.  Winrhrop,  Jr. 
Hon.  Richard  Young. 


Frederick  B.  Dalzell. 
Robert  Fulton  Ludlow. 


Hon.  M.  Linn  Bruce, 
H.  L.  Bogert. 


Henry  E.  Gregory. 
John."  J.  McKelvey. 


Charles  R.  Lamb,  Chairman. 
Hon.  Jacob  A.  Cantor. 
John  C.  Eames. 
Albert  E.  Kleinert. 


Hon.  Warren  Higley,  Chairman. 
George  Clinton  Batcheller. 
George  V.  Brower. 
Frederick  R.  Cruickshank. 
Hon.  Charles  de  Kay. 


Homer  Lee. 
William  Allen  Marble. 
Ludwig  Nissen. 
W.  R.  0"Donovan. 

Dedications  Committee 

James  de  la  Montanye. 
Hon.  Garret  J.  Garretson. 
Walter  G.  Hudson. 
T.   D.  Huntting. 
D.  McDougall. 

Executive  Committee 


Gen.  Steward  L.  Woodford,  Chairman.   Tunis  G.  Bergen. 
John  F.  Parsons,  Vice-Chairman.         Hon.  William  Berri. 
Hon.  James  M.  Beck.  Andrew  Carnegie. 


George  Henry  Sargent. 
John  W.  Simpson. 
Isaac  Stern. 
Henrv  R.  Towne. 


John  J.  Sinclair. 
James  B.  Regan. 
J.  Howird  Wainwrlght. 
George  T.  Wiilson. 


Hon.  Joseph  H.  Choat*. 
Sir  Caspar  Purdon  Clarke. 
William  ,T.  Curtis. 


115 


H I STOR I C  AL    SO  L"  V  EX  I R 


Executive  Committee — (  C(  mtinued  I 


Theodore  Fitch. 
Austen  G.  Fox. 

Maj.  Gen.  Frederick  D.  Grant. 
Edward  Hagaman  Hal), 
Col.  William  Jay. 
Dr.  George  F.  Kunz. 
Tohn  La  Farge. 
Hon.  Seth  Low. 
Hon.  William  McCarroll. 
'Captain  Jacob  W.  Miller. 
Frank  D.  Millet. 


J.  I'ierpont  Morgan. 
Han.  Levi  P.  Morton. 
Hon.  Morgan  J.  O'Brien. 
Col.  Willis  L.  Ogden. 
Eben   I".  Olcot. 
Fi  ..-i.  Alton  B.  Parker. 
Hon.  George  W.  Perkins. 
Hon.  N.  Taylor  Phillips. 
Gen.  Horace  Porter. 
Louis  C.  Raegener. 
Herman  Bidder. 


Henry  W.  Sackett. 
Isaac  N.  Seligman. 
Hon.  Frederick  W.  Seward. 
J.  Edward  Simmons. 
Francis  Lynde  Stetson. 
Hon.  Oscar  S.  Straus. 
Spencer  Trask. 
Wm.   B.  Van  Rensselaer. 
Lt.  Cam.  Aaron  Vanderbilt. 
Dr.  Samuel  B.  Ward. 
Hon.  William  R.  Willcox. 
Gen.  James  Grant  Wdllson, 


General  Commemorative  Exercises  Committee 


President  Jacob  G.  Schurman,  LL.D., 

C  haii-man. 
Hon.  Andrew  S.  Draper,  Acting 
Chairman. 

Hon.  James  N.  Adam. 

Hon.  John  C.  Barry. 

George  W.  Batten. 

Hon    F.  Beebe. 

Hon.  David  A.  Boody. 

Charges  \N.  Bulger. 

Henry  P.  Burgard. 

Hon.  E.  H.  Butler. 

Hon.  Samuel  A.  Carlson. 

Andrew  Carnegie. 

Hon.  A.  T.  Clearwater. 

William  J.  Conners. 

Hon.  Charles  W.  Cool. 

Hon.  Jacob  H.  Delay. 

Hon.  Edward  W.  Douglas. 

Hon.  Anthony  C.  Douglass. 

Hon.  H.  Edg'erton. 

Hon.  Mever  Einstein. 

W.  W.  Farley. 


Col.  Herbert  L.  Satterlee,  Chairman. 
Tunis  G.  Bergen 
Howland   Shippen  Davis 


Samuel  V.   Hoffman.  Chairman. 
Hon.  Theodore  M.  Bauta. 
Hon.  John  D.  Crimmins. 


Dr.  James  Douglas,  Chairman. 
Cleveland  H.  Dodge. 


Hon.  Alton  B.  Parker,  Chairman. 
Hon.  John  Bigelow. 
Henry  E.  Gregory. 
Hon.  B.  B.  Odell,  Jr. 


Hon.  J.  Sloat  Fassett. 

Thomas  W.  Finucane. 
Hon.  Louis  T.  Fisk. 
Hon.  Allan  C.  Forbes. 

Louis  P.  Fuhrmann. 

Hon.  C.  A.  Frost. 
Hon.   William  Follette, 

Charles  H.  Ford. 

Jacob  Gerling. 

Dr.  E.  R.  L  Gould. 

Hon.  Edward  M.  Grout. 

Thomas  P.  Heffernan. 

W.  B.  Harper. 

Hon.  Randolph  Horton. 

Hon.  Francis  M.  Hugo. 

Hon.  Albert  Kessinger. 

Hon.  C.  August  Koenig. 

Hon.  Robert  Lawrence. 

Dr.  Henrv  M.  Leipziger. 

Hon.  W.  H.  Mandeville. 

George  E.  Matthews. 

Hon.  St.  Clair  McKelway. 

Hon.  Thomas  A.  McNamara. 

Half  Moon  Committee 


Hon.  George  A.  Minard. 
Dennis  Moynehan. 
Hon.   W.  B.  Mooers. 
Hon.  Samuel  Parsons. 
Harry  S.  Patten 
Hon.   Richard  M.  Prangen 
Hon.  Edward  Quirk. 
William    F.  Rafferty 
Hon.  Arthur  P.  Rose 
Stephen  Ryan 
Col.  William  Carey  Sanger 
J.  E.  Schwa  rzenback 
Hon.  A.  B.  Santry 
Hon.  Daniel  Sheehan. 
Hon.  Edward  M.  Shepard 
Hon.  C.  M.  Slauson 
Hon.  John  K.  Smith 
Hon.  Henry  B.  Swartwout 
Warren  M.  Sweet 
G.  E.  Van  Kennan 
George  B.  Van  Valkenfourg 
Hon.  E.  B.  Vreeland 
Hon.  Thomas  Wbeeler 
Charles  R.  Wilson 
Hon.  Frederick  M.  Young 


George  G.  De  Witt 
Cam.  Wm.  B.  Franklin 
Charles  A.  Schermerhorn. 

Historical  Committee 

Winchester  Fitch. 
William  Homan. 
Clarence  E.  Leonard. 


John  R.  Van  Wormer 
William  G.  Ver  Planck 


Hon.  Townsend  Scudder. 
Hon.  Theodore  H.  Silkman. 
Rev.  Dr.  Henrv  Van  Dyke. 
Hon.  John  S.  Wise. 


Hudson  Monument  Committee 

Hon.  Geo.  W.  Perkins. 
John  Jay  McKelvey. 

Hudson  River  Scenery  Committee 

Hon.  Samuel  Parsons. 
Dr.   Edward    L.  Partridge.. 
Hon.  Thomas  R.  Proctor. 
Gen.  Charles  F.  Roe. 


Wm.  C.  Musi dienheim. 


Col.  Herbert  L.  Sat'erlee. 
Col.  John  W.  Vrooman. 
Hon.  J.  Du  Pratt  White. 
Hon.  George  W.  Perkins. 


Illuminations  Committee 


Hon.  William  Berri,  Chairman. 
Capt.   Richard  H.  Greene. 


Hon.  Joseph  H.  Choate,  Chairman. 
Hon.  A.  T.  Clearwater. 
Hon.  Charles  S.  Francis. 


Hon.  William  F.  Sheehan. 
Henry  W.  Wetmore. 

Invitations  Committee 

Hon.  Levi  P.  Morton. 
Hon.  Alton  B.  Parker. 
The  President,  ex-officio. 


Fred  C.  Whitney. 


The  Secretary,  ex-offlclo. 
Gen.  Horace  Porter. 


Inwood  Park  Committee 


John  E.  Parsons,  Chairman.  William  J.  Curtis.  Eben  B.  Oleott.  . 

Regina.d  P.  Bolton.  Dr.  George  F.  Kunz.  Henry^ W.'sa^keU6 


Il6 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


Legislative  Entertainment  Committee 

Francis  Lynde  Stetson.  Chairman.  Herman  Ridder. 


Francis  Lynde  Stetson,  Chairman. 
Hon.  James  iM.  Beck. 
William  J.  Curtis. 


Law  and  Legislation  Committee 


Theodore  Filch. 

Col.  William  Jay. 

Hon.  John  G.  Milburn. 


John  E.  Parsons. 

Nelson  S.  Spencer. 

The  President,  ex-officio. 


Lectures  Committee 


Henry  M.  Leipziger,  Ph.  D., 
Com.   Herbert   L.  Bridgman. 


( 'hairniii  n. 


A.  Warren, 


(Mayor)  Hon. 
Hon. 


Hon.  Nathan 
Chairman. 

Clarence  E.  Leonard,  Secretary.  Hon 

Hon.  John  E.  Andrus.  Hon 

Hon.  James  P.  Apgar.  Hon, 

Hon.  M.  S.  Betzhoover,  (President).  Cres 

Hon.  Thomas  W.  Bradley.  Hon. 

Hon.  William  P,  Bugibee,   (President)  Hon 

Hon.  J.  H   Clarkson,  (iPresident) .  Hon 

Hon.  John  H.  Coyne.  Hon, 

Theodore  Fitch.   '  Hon 

Hon.  John  Gross,  (President).  Col. 
Hon.  .TO'kn  M.  Hasbrouck,  (President).Hon. 


Lower  Hudson  Committee 

.    Benjamin    Howe,  (Mayor). 
Thomas  H.  Lee. 
Clarence  Lexow. 
.  Thomas  Lynch,  (President). 
.  Charles  McElroy,  (President). 
;well  McLaughlin. 
Frank  V.  Millard. 
W.  H.  Myers,  (President). 
Charles  E.  Powell,  (President). 
Cornelius  A.  Pugsley. 
George  G.  Raymond,  (Mayor). 
Hugh  L.  Scott,  U.  S.  A. 
Frederick  W.  Seward. 

Manhattan  Committee 


Hon.  ,To«eph  H.  Choate,  Chairman. 
Eliott  Tuckerman,  Secretary. 
Hon.  Reginald  S.  Doull. 
Hon.  Frank  L.  Dowling. 


Henry  W.  Cannon,  Chairman. 
Edward  D.  Adams. 
Archer  M.  Huntington. 


Tunis  G.  Bergen,  Chairman. 
Walter  Cook. 
Cleveland  H.  Dodge. 
Dr.  James  Douglas. 


Hon.  Patrick  F.  Flynn. 
Hon.  Wm.  P.  Kenneally. 
Hon.  Patrick  F.  McGowan. 
Hon.  John  J.  F.  Mulcahy. 

Medal  Committee 

August  F.  Jaocaci. 
John  La  Farge. 
Frank  D.  Millet. 

Memorials  Committee 

Samuel  V.  Hoffman. 
Col.   William  Jay. 
Frederick  S.  Lamb. 
Hon.  Seth  Low. 


Military  Parade  Committee 

Maj.  Gen.  Charles  F.  Roe,  Chairman  Gen.  Anson  G.  McCook. 


Capt.  C.  A.  Du  Bois. 
Maj.  Gc-n.  F.  D.  Grant,  U.  S.  A. 


Hon.  Gustav  Lindenthal,  Chairman. 
Henry  Fuehrer. 
Theodore  Henninger. 


Capt.  Jacob  W.  Miller,  Chairman. 

Constructor  Wm.  J.  Baxter,  U.  S.  I 

Emil  L.  Boas. 

Gen.  Howard  Carroll. 

Robert  S.  Clark. 

Frederick  Coykendall. 

Frederick  B.  Dalzell. 

Com.  William  Butler  Duncan.  Jr. 

John  M.  Emery. 

Charles  E.  Heitman. 


Hon.  Edward  C.  Stokes,  Chairman. 
Hon.  Foster  M.  Voorhees. 
William  G.  Besler. 
Henry  H.  Doremus. 
Hon.  John  F.  Dryden. 


Gen.  A.  L.  Mills,  U.  S.  A. 
Gen.  Horace  Porter. 

Music  Festivals  Committee 

Gen.   Horatio  C.  King. 
Louis  C.  Raegener. 
Dr.  Gustav  Scholer. 

Naval  Parade  Committee 

August  F.  Jac3aci. 
Henry  L.  Joyce. 
Carl  *W.  Jungen. 
Dr.  George  F.  Kunz. 
Hon.  William  Loeb.  Jr. 
William  J.  McKay. 
Rear  Admiral  Geo.  W.  Melville,  U. 
N. 

Capt.  J.  B.  Murdock,  TJ.  S.  N. 
Eugene  F.  Moran. 

New  Jersey  Committee 

Matthew  C  Ely. 
Hon.  John  W.  Griggs. 
Thomas  J.  Hillery. 
William   T.  Hunt. 
James  Kerney. 


Henry  L.  Stoddard. 
Richard  B.  Aldercroft,  Jr. 


Hon.  Theodore  H.  Silkman. 

Hon.  Isaac  H.  Smith,  (President). 

Weslev  J.  Springstead. 

Hon.  Charles  E.  Storms,  (President). 

Hon.  Leslie  Sutherland. 

Hon.  Arthur  C.  Tucker,  (President). 

Hon.  Albert  W.  Twigger,  (President). 

Michael  J.  Walsh. 

Hon.  W.  L.  Ward. 

Hon.  J.  Du  Pratt  White. 

Edward  C.  Wilson. 

Hon.  John  Worth,  (President). 

J.  S.  Wood. 

Hon.  F.  G.  Zinsser,  (President). 


Hon.  Percival  E.  Nagle. 

Hon.  Joseph  Schloss 

Hon.  George  J.  Schneider. 

Hon.  Timothy  I'.  Sullivan. 


Cnarles  H.  Nichaus. 
Hon.  Samuel  Parsons. 
C.  Y.  Turner. 


John  J.  McKelvey. 
Wm.   C.   M  uschenheim. 
Hon.  George  W.  Perkins. 
Hon.  Oscar  S.  Straus. 
Hon.  William  R.  Wilcox. 


Lieut.  Col.  Arthur  F.  Schermerhorn. 
Col.  Haigh  L.  Scott,  U.  S.  A. 
Brig.  Gen.  George  Moore  Smith. 


Hon.  Charles  A.  Schieren. 
Oscar  R.  .Seitz. 


Henry  O.  Nickerson. 
Charles  R.  Norman. 
Commander  R.  E.  Peary. 
Walter  B.  l'oll^k. 
Louis  T.  Romaine. 
Hon.  Henry  Smith. 
S  Hon.  Allen'  N.  Sp'>oner. 
Col.   Robert  M.  Thompson. 
Lieut.  Com.  Aaron  Vanderbilt. 
Capt.  Aaron  Ward.  U.  S.  N. 


Hon.  Franklin  Murphy. 
Hon.  John  Dyneley  Prince. 
John    H.  Ramsey. 
Wallace  M.  Scudder. 
Hon.  George  T.  Werts. 
Hon.  H.  Otto  Wittpenn. 


117 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Nominations  Committee 

Theodore  Fitch,  Chairman.  Henry  W.  Sackett. 

William  J.   Curtis.  Col.  John  W.  Vrooman.  The   President,  ex-of£icio. 


Official  Literary  Exercises  Committee 

Gen.  James  Grant  Wilson,  Chairman.  Edward  De  Witt. 

.Russell   Benedict.  Ogden  Livingston  Mills.  Edward  Hagaman  Hall. 

Reginald  P.  Bolton.  Edmund  Wetmore.  Albert  Ulmann. 


Theodore  Fitch,  Chairman. 

Louis  A.  Ames. 

Dr.  George  C.  Batcheller. 


Patriotic  Societies 

Marcus  Benjamin. 
Edward  De  Witt. 
Morris  P.  Ferris. 


Committee 

Clarence  E.  Leonard. 
Chas.   A.  Schermerhorn. 
Edmund  Wetmore. 


Plan  and  Scope  Committee 


Hon.  Frederick  W.  Seward,  Chairman  Hon.   iSeth  Low. 

Hon.  James  M.  Beck.  Ko'i.  Wm.  McCarroll. 

Tunis  G.   Bergen.  J.  Pierpont  Morgan. 

Hon.   William   Berri.  Col.  Willis  L.  Ogden. 

Hon.  Robert  W.  de  Forest.  Eben  E.  Olcott. 

Maj.  Gen.  F.  D.  Grant.  U.  S.  A.  John  E.  Parsons. 

Dr.  George  F.  Kunz.  Hon.  Crrnelius  A.  Pugsley. 


Herman  Ridder. 

Francis  Lynde  Stets»n. 

Lt.  Com.  Aaron  Vanderbilt. 

Cornelius  Vanderbilt. 

Dr.  Samuel  B.  Ward. 

Gen.  James  Grant  Wilson. 

The  President,  ex-off;cio. 


Public  Health  and  Convenience  Committee 


Dr.  Euge  le  H.  Porter, 
R.  B.  Aldcrofft,  Jr. 
Dr.    Gorhaf  Bacon. 
George  Wm.  Ballou. 
Dr.  James  'J.  Bayles. 
John  F.  Calder. 


Chairman.       John  J.  Cavanagh. 

E.  D.  Cummings. 
George  F.  Gregory. 

Benjamin   F.  Hamilton. 

Dr.  Le  Roy  W.  Hubbard. 
Charles  W.  Letler. 


Abraham  Levy. 
Nathan  Newman. 
Percy  B.  O'SuIlivan. 
William  N.  Shannon. 
George  W.  Sweeney. 
Dr.  Irving  Townsend. 


Hon.  William  McCarroll,  Chairman. 

Abraham  Abraham. 

Hon.  Thomas  W.  Efradley. 

William  C.  Demorest. 

James  P.  Holland. 


Public  Safety  Committee 


Jacob  Katz. 
Charles  W.  Lefler. 
Hon.  Warner  Miller. 
Orrcl  A.  Parker. 
Samuel  H.  Parsons. 


Charles  H.  Strong. 
Hon.  Theodore  Sutro. 
Hon.  Charles  G.  F.  Wahie. 
Charles  W.  Wetmore. 
W.  E.  Wool  ley. 
James  A.  Wright. 


Plon.  Seth  Low,  Chairman. 
Dr.    George  C.  Bacheller,  Vice-Charr- 
xnan. 

John   D.  Arenboid. 
Col.   Jchn  Jacob  Astor. 
Hon.  James  M.  Beck. 
James  Gordon  Bennett. 
Hon,   Frank  S.  Black. 
G.  Louis  Boissevain. 
Plon.  A.  J.  Boulton. 
Hon.  Jacob  A.  Cantor. 
Andrew  Carnegie. 
Hon.  Joseph  H.  Choate. 
John  Claflin. 

Sir  Casper  Purdon  Clark. 
Rev.  Edward  B.  Ooe,  D.D. 
E.  S.  A.  De  Lima. 
William  Butler  Duncan,  Sr. 
Henrv  L.  Einstein. 
Hon.  Smith  Ely. 
Samuel  W.  Fairchild. 
Most  Rev.  John  M.  Farley. 


Reception  Committee 

Hon.  Charles  S.  Francis. 
Mian.    Gen.  Frederick  D.  Grant,  U.  S. 
Right  Rav.  David  H.  Greer,  D.D. 
H.  A.  Hallett. 
Hon.  David  B.  Hill. 
Hon.  Henrv  E.  Howland. 
Gen.   Thomas   H.  Hubbard. 
Col.  William  Jay. 
Hon.   Chester   S.  Lord. 
Hon.  Phineas  C.  Lounsbury. 
Hart  Lyman. 
William  Alien  Marble. 
Col.  John  J.  MaCook. 
Hon.   George  B.  M'cClellan. 
Hon.  St.  Clair  McKelway. 
Rear  Adm.  G.  W.  Melville,  U.  S. 
Rev.  H.  Pereira  Mendes. 
Hon.  John  G.  Milburn. 
Ogden  Mills. 
J.  Pierpont  Morgan. 
Fordham  Morris. 
Adolph   S.  Ochs. 
Hon.  Alton  B.  Parker. 


Hon.  Herbert  Parsons. 
A.  Gen.  Horace  Porter. 

Thomas  R.  Proctor. 

Herman  Ridder. 

William  Rockefeller. 

Col   Henry  W.  Sackett. 

President  Jacob  Gould  Schurman. 

Isaac  N.  Seligman. 

Hon.  Frederick  W.  Seward. 

Hon.  Edward  M.  Shepard. 

Francis  Lynde  Stetson. 

Melville  E.  Stone. 

Samuel  Straus. 

Hon.  Oscar  S.  Straus. 

Charles  H.  Strong. 
N  Henry  W.  Taft. 

William  R.  Van  Rensselaer. 

I.  Leonard  Varick. 

Dr.  Samuel  B.  Ward. 

Hon.  William  R.  Willcox. 

Gen.  James  Grant  Wilson. 

MajorGen.  Leonard  Wood.  U.  S.  A. 

Hon.  Timothy  L.  Woodruff. 


Religious  Services  Committee 

Hon.  John  G.  Agar,  Chairman.  Paul  D.  Cravath.  Hon.  James  J.  Fitzgerald. 

Hon.  E.  W.  Bloomingdale.  Robert  Fulton  Cutting.  George  A.  Plympton. 

Hon.  M.  Linn  Bruce.  Dr.  Thomas  Addis  Emmet.  Warner  Van  Norden. 


nS 


HUDSOX-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


Richmond  Committee 

Mr.  Eugene  Lamb    Richards,    Chair-  Hon.  George  Cromwell, 

man.  Hon.  David  S.  Rendt. 


Stony  Point  Committee 

Gordon  H.  Peek,  Chairman.  Dr.  George  F.  Kunz. 

H.  K.  BuSh-Brawn.  Hon.  Thomas  H.  Lee. 


Gen.  Howard  Carroll,  Chairman. 

Charles  H.  Armatage. 

George  F.  Baer. 

Vernon  H.  Brown. 

"William  C.  Brown. 

F.  P.  Ryan. 

William  Lanmann  Bull. 

Cesare  Coverly. 

E.  S.  A.  De  Lima. 


Transportation  Committee 

Hen.  Cha'uncey  M.  Depew. 
Paul  Faguet. 
Stuyvesant  Fish. 
Thomas   Powell  Fowler. 
A.  Gips. 

William  Hartfield. 

William  C.  Hope. 

E.  E.  Loomis. 

Hon.  William  G.  McAdoo. 


Oscar  G.  Murray. 

Ralph  Peters. 

Oscar  L.  Richards. 

Thomas  F.  Ryan. 

Max  Scrauss. 
J.  Terkuille. 

Eben  B.  Thomas. 

Fra'ik  Tocci. 
Wm.  H.  Truesdale. 

F.  D.  Underwood. 


Hon.   Arthur  MaeArthur,  Chairman. 

Benjamin  F.  Hamilton,  Secretary.. 
William    Wortman,    Assistant  Sec- 
retary. 

William  P.  Adams. 

William  A.  Adriance. 

Hon.  Arthur  L.  Andrews. 

Charles  H-  Armatage. 

Hon.  James  C.   Armstrong,  (Mayor) 

Frank  N.  Bain. 

Hon.  Frank  S.  Black. 

Cornelius  F.  Burns. 

Hon.  Clifford  Bush.  (President). 

Henry  K.  Bush-Brown. 

Hon.  J.  Rider  Cady. 

William  M.  Cameron. 

Robert  Carl. 

Robert  W.  Chandler. 

Robert  W.  Charles. 

Hop.  A.  T.  Clearwater. 
Frederick  J.  Collier. 

Hon.  Chas.  W.  Cool  (Mayor). 

Frank  Cooper. 

Charles  S.  Cossum. 

Hon.  Walte<-  P.  Crane  (Mayor). 
Rev.  Robert  Fulton  Crary,  D.D. 

Hon.  Wm.  Draper. 

Hon.  John  P.  Dus-an  (President). 
Hon.  Charles  A.  Elliott  (President) 

Hon.   Philio  Elting. 

Hon.  Jamea  L.  Freebarn  (President). 


Upper  Hudson  Committee 

Hon.  John  Fridge  (President) 
Hon.  Charles  H.  Gaus. 
Abne.'  S.  Haight. 
Hon.  M.  D.   Hanson  (Mayor). 
Robert  J.  Harding. 
W.  R.  Harrison. 
Hon.  Gilbert  D.  *B.  Hasbrouck. 
Hon.  Eugene  J.  Hauratto  (Mayor) 
Hon.  C.  W.  Higlev  (President) 
Hon.  David  B.  Hill. 
Hon.  Michael  H.  Hirschberg. 
Michael  Holloran. 
Hon.  Henry  Hudson. 
Hon.  John  L.  Hughes  (President). 
Winfield  A.  Huppuch. 
Walter  L.  Hutehins 
Hon.  Roswell  S.  Judson  (President) 
Hon.  Irving  J.  Justus  (President). 
David  M.  Kinnear. 
Hon.  Henry  Kohl. 
Herman  Livingston. 
John  Henry  Livingston. 
R.   Fullon  Ludlow. 
Hon.  Elias  P.  Mann  (Mayor). 
Hon.  Benjamin   MeClung  (Mayor). 
Donald  McDonald. 
Robert  J.  MaeFarland. 
Hon.  Wm.  S.  Massoneau  (President) 
Patrick  E.  McCabe 
Wm.  J.  McKay 
Arthur   A.  McLean. 


Hon.  John  McLindon  (President). 

Francis  J.  Mollow. 
Hon.  W.  B.  Mooers  (Mayor). 

Hon.  Frank  Xichols   l  President ) . 
Hon.  Benjamin  B.  Odell,  Jr. 

Wm.  Church  Osborn 

Hon.  A.  M.  Patrick  (President). 

Bayard  L.  Peck. 

Hon.  Samuil  K.  Phillips. 

Hon.  Wm.  H.  Phipps  (President) 

Hon.  John  Riordan  (President). 
Hon.    Louis   Rosenkranz  (President) 

Hon.  A.  Rowe  (President). 

Hon.  W.  J.   Rockefeller  (Mayor). 

Hon.  John  K.  Sague  (Mayor). 

John  Scanlon. 

Hon.  Matthew  H.  V.  Sehermerhorn 
(President). 

Hon.  Henry  F.  Snyder  (Mayor). 

Hon.  George  V.  L.  Spratt. 

Hon.  F.  Herbert  Sutherland  (Presi- 
dent ) . 

Peter  H.  Troy. 

Wm.  P.  Van  Rensselaer. 

Hon.  Horace  S.  Van  Voast  (Mayor). 

T>r.  Samuel  B.  Ward 

Hon.  Anthony  J.  Weaver  (President). 

Hon.  J.  Fred  Wehmever,  Jr.  (Presi- 
dent). 

Gen.  W.  C.  S.  Wiley. 

Frederick  W.  Wilson. 

Hon.   L.   H.   Wing  (President). 


Verplanck's  Point  Park  Committee 


Hon.  C.  A.  Pugsley  (Chairman). 
Hon.  James  K.  Apgar. 
Dr.   E.   Parmly  Brown. 


Hon.  J.  Rider  Cady. 
Abner  S.  Haight. 
Hon.  Warren  Higley. 

Hon.  .Tcseph  S.  Wood. 


Hon.  Frederick  W.  Seward. 
Dr.  Samuel  B.  Ward. 
Hon.  W.  I..  Ward. 


Herman  Bidder.  Chairman. 
Hon.  E.  W.  Bloomingdale. 
Frederick  S.  Flower. 
Henry  Clews. 
Henry  C.  Frick. 
Hon.  Elbert  H.  Gary. 
Robert  Walton  Goelet. 


Ways  and  Means  Committee 


George    J.  Gould. 

Edward    H.  Harriman. 

James  J.  Hill. 

Hon.  Patrick  F.  McGowan. 

John  E.  Parsons. 

Hon.  George  W.  Perkins. 

Thomas  F.  Ryan. 


Hon.   Frederick  W.  Seward. 

J.  Edward  Simmons. 

Francis  Lynde  Stetson. 

James  Stillman. 

Spencer  Trask. 

A.  G.  Vanderbilt. 

The  President,  ex-officio. 


119 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 

DRY  GOODS  AND  TEXTILE  INTERESTS 


For  more  than  200  years  New  York  has  held  a 
predominant  position  in  the  dry  goods  trade.  Its  ad- 
vantages as  a  sea  port  have  been  the  basis  of  the 
wonderful  growth  in  trade  with  foreign  countries  and 
this  has  brought  to  it  the  advantage  of  being  the  rec- 
ognized headquarters  for  all  lines  of  dry  goods  in- 
tended for  the  American  consumption. 

In  this  city  commission  merchants  and  selling 
agents  maintain  their  main  offices  and  salesrooms  and 
buyers  have  been  looking  to  the  New  York  market  as 
the  center  from  which  the  prices  are  made  and  styles 
originated,  for  over  two  centuries.  The  large  organ  • 
izations  have  their  branches  in  Boston,  Philadelphia, 
Chicago.  St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco,  and  from  these 
points  shipment  is  made  to  purchasers  in  the  adja- 
cent states.  The  point  which  everyone  emphasizes 
when  speaking  of  New  York  as  a  textile  center,  is 
that  the  first  styles  to  be  shown  in  the  new  season 
are  opened  in  this  market.  The  designers  style  their 
fabrics  from  impressions  gained  here  and  the  buyers 
for  the  jobbing  trade,  the  clothing  trade  and  kindred 
interests  come  to  this  market  at  least  twice  a  year 
to  get  fully  posted  on  the  trend  of  fashion  and  de- 
mands. 

Taking  the  varied  interests  included  in  the  textile 
trade  in  the  order  of  their  importance,  it  will  be  found 
that  the  cotton  goods  manufacturers  and  selling 
agents  have  their  headquarters  in  the  immediate  vi- 
cinity of  Worth  Street,  and  this  location  has  been 
occupied  by  many  of  the  houses  for  more  than  40 
years.  In  this  same  section  of  the  city  is  found  the 
agencies  and  brokerage  offices  of  the  sellers  of  yarns, 
the  general  cotton  goods  converters  and  many  of  the 
large  cutters-up,  making  shirts,  underwear  and  other 
classes  of  garments. 

A  few  blocks  north  of  Worth  Street,  running 
from  Canal  to  Houston  streets,  is  the  silk  district  of 
New  York.  Here  will  be  found  the  salesrooms,  offices 
and  warehouses  of  the  large  importers  of  silks,  as  well 
as  the  agents  and  commission  merchants  handling 
domestic  lines.  The  silk  trade  divides  itself  into  the 
broad  silk  and  the  narrow  silk  manufacturers.  In  the 
latter  class  are  ribbon  houses  and  this  shows  a  further 
differentiation.  The  ribbon  houses  have  migrated  to 
the  Fifth  Avenue  district,  between  14th  and  23rd 
streets,  so  as  to  be  near  the  large  costume  houses  for 
the  buyers  from  out  of  town  who  purchase  ribbons 
in  many  instances  also  handle  this  line. 

In  the  wollen  trade  the  location  of  the  selling 
agencies  and  commission  houses  is  divided  into  two 
sections.  The  old  commission  merchants,  in  the  main, 
are  located  in  the  Worth  Street  district  and  have  not 
yielded  to  the  pressure  to  move  up-town.  The  men's 
wear  agents,  to  practically  50  per  cent  of  their  num- 
ber in  this  city,  are  now  clustered  around  Fifth  Ave- 
nue and  i6th  Street.    In  the  large  loft  buildings  in 


the  neighborhood  several  hundred  agents  and  com- 
mission merchants  have  their  show  rooms.  In  the 
same  section  of  the  city  and  in  many  instances  in  the 
same  buildings  with  the  men's  wear  agents  are  the 
dress  goods  houses.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  many  of 
the  importers  have  departments  in  which  they  sell 
both  men's  wear  and  dress  goods  a  number  of  prom- 
inent mills  have  their  lines  shown  in  the  salesrooms 
of  the  importers  in  the  Greene  Street  district. 

Another  feature  of  the  textile  industry  in  New 
York,  is  the  large  jobbing  houses  which  cater  to 
the  business  of  retailers  throughout  the  entire 
country.  While  the  jobbing  business  has  undergone 
considerable  change  during  recent  years  and  many 
lines  which  were  previously  handled  in  jobbing 
houses  are  now  eliminated  and  are  being  sold  by  spec- 
ialty houses,  the  total  business  of  the  jobbers  shows 
a  yearly  percentage  of  increase  in  keeping  with  the 
rest  of  the  trade.  The  ready-made  garments  for  both 
man  and  women  have  affected  the  sale  of  piece  goods 
for  over  the  counter  distribution.  The  jobbers  have 
not  lost  the  opportunity  to  add  new  lines  to  those 
generally  handled  by  secondary  market  distributers 
and  at  the  present  time  there  is  practically  no  class 
of  merchandise  that  enters  into  the  retail  dry  goods 
store  that  cannot  be  obtained  in  the  large  jobbing 
establishments  of  this  city. 

The  development  of  New  York  from  its  primitive 
boundaries  in  the  17th  century  cannot  be  any  more 
impressively  illustrated  than  by  noting  the  northern 
movement  of  the  dry  goods  district.  Originally  the 
few  merchants  who  had  their  warehouses  on  the 
water  front  conducted  their  business  below  Wall 
Street.  In  the  18th  century  the  growth  of  the  city 
forced  the  northward  movement  of  the  business 
houses,  and  importers  and  dry  goods  merchants  had 
their  retail  and  wholesale  stores  between  Wall  and 
Fulton  streets.  During  the  19th  century  the  migra- 
tion brought  the  jobbing  and  wholesale  dry  goods 
trade  up  to  Duane,  Thomas  and  Worth  streets,  where 
it  still  holds  forth  as  described  above.  The  move- 
ment to  the  district  between  14th  and  23rd  streets 
began  in  1503  and  is  still  daily  affecting  the  trade. 
In  the  opinion  of  those  who  have  watched  closely 
the  transformation  of  the  various  sections  of  New 
York,  it  is  believed  that  the  eventual  center  for  the 
dry  goods  business  will  have  34th  Street  as  the  center. 
The  vanguard  of  retailers  have  already  made  this 
their  stand  and  clothiers,  cloak  and  suit  houses,  lace 
and  embroidery  importers  and  novelty  houses  are 
already  moving  up  into  this  section. 

The  geographical  situation  of  New  York  has  been 
one  of  the  strongest  factors  in  bringing  it  into  this. 
preeminent  position  as  a  dry  goods  shipping  point. 
Its  river  advantages  and  its  facilities  for  the  docking 
of  trans- Atlantic  and  coast  steamers,  makes  New 
York  the  most  desi.rable  point  from  which  to  send 
goods  in  bulk.  The  fact  that  the  borough  of  Man- 
hattan, or  New  York  City  proper,  has  the  advantage 
of  having  the  Hudson  River  on  the  west  and  the 
Harlem  on  the  east,  accounts  for  the  development 
of  New  York  in  much  greater  ratio  than  Brooklyn 
or  any  other  city  on  the  Jersey  shore.  Merchants  for 
the  past  300  years  have,  by  the  process  of  natural 
selection,  located  in  New  York  to  enjoy  all  the  bene- 
fits of  easy  receipt  and  delivery  of  their  goods.  The 
longest  haul  in  the  dry  goods  district  is  less  than  teii 
blocks,  from  Broadway  to  either  river. 


120 


IIUDSOX-FL'I.TON   CEI.l-.l'.RATK  )N 


THE  WORLD'S  GREATEST 
WHOLESALE   DRYGOODS  MARKET 


1843 


1909 


THE  H.  B.  CLAFLIN  CO. 

NEW  YORK 

Sixty-six  years  of  aggressive  anrl  progressive  merchandising,  conducted  along 
lines  of  high  principle,  have  made  the  name  of  this  house  known  and  respected 
throughout  the  world,  for  honest  methods  and  fair  dealing  ::  ::  : : 
Built  on  this  foundation,  this  great  business  has  grown  steadily  since  its 
inception  : :  : :  : :  : :  : :  : :  : :  : :  : :  : :  : : 
To-day,  as  the  leading  textile  market  of  the  world,  its  standing  is  a  fitting 
tribute  to  those  principles  from  which  no  conditions  or  considerations  have 
permitted  the  smallest  deviation  in  its  policies  toward  the  great  dry  goods 
trade  of  America     : :        : :        : :        : :        : :        : :        : :        : :        ; :        : : 


121 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Lawrence  &  Co. 

COMMISSION  MERCHANTS 


24-26  THOMAS  STREET,  NEW  YORK 


BOSTON 
PHILADELPHIA 


CHICAGO 

ST.  LOUIS 


SELLING  AGENTS  FOR 

PACIFIC  MILLS 

COCHECO  DEPARTMENT  oi  a.  Pacific  mm* 

MERRIMACK  MFG.  CO. 

BOSTON  MFG.  CO. 

SALMON  FALLS  MFG.  CO. 

IPSWICH  MILLS 


122 


1 1  L'DSOX-Fl'LTOX  CELEBRATION 


Converse  &  Company 

Dry  Goods  Commission  Merchants 

New  York,  Philadelphia,  Boston,  Baltimore 


S.  H.  GREENE  &  SONS,  CORPORATION 

Washington  Prints  —  For  the  Jobbing    and  Cutting  Trade 

RENFREW  MFG.  CO. 

Madras  Shirtings,  Fancy  Dress  Ginghams,  Wash  Goods,  Damask 

Harmony  Grove  Mills  Powhatan  Mills 

Sayville  Cotton  Co.  Crown  Cotton  Mills 


SAN  JOSE  WOOLEN  MILLS 

California  Blankets 

H.  S.  HENRY 

Dress  Goods  and  Flannel 


123 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


E.  M.  TOWNSEND  &  CO. 

Commission  Merchants 
345  and  347  BROADWAY      NEW  YORK 


CHICAGO  : 
53   Fifth  Avenue 


PHILADELPHIA : 

622  Chestnut  Street 


BOSTON : 

68  Chauncy  Street 


Hosiery  \  Underwear 

COTTON,  WOOL  and  WORSTED 

SOLE  SELLING  AGENTS  FOR 

Lawrence  Manufacturing  Company 

and  Sulloway  Mills 


H  U I  )SOX-  I-T  LTOX  CELERR AT  I  OX 


Parker  Wilder  &  Company 

COMMISSION  MERCHANTS 


Boston 


New  York 


Chicago 


Woolens  Worsteds  Kerseys 

Overcoatings    Uniformcloths  Broadcloths 
Etc.,  Etc. 

Satin  Marseilles  Dimity 

and  Crochet  Quilts 

Naumkeag  Steam  Cotton  Company's  Products 
Sheets  and  Pillowcases  Wide  Sheetings 

All  sizes,  hemmed,  ready  for  use  Plain  and  Twilled,  all  widths 

Pequot,  Salem  and  Naumkeag  Brown  and  Bleached  Cottons 


Again 


it  IS 


taht  have  established  the  modes  in  Autumn  Dress  Fabrics. 

Making  the  fifteenth  consecutive  season  that  the  productions  of  Rogers  & 
Thompson  have  captivated  the  fashion  world  of  two  continents — a  record 
unparalleled  in  the  textile  history  of  the  country. 

The  reason  for  this  phenomenal  success  is  clear  :  the  silks  are  matchless 
in  beauty,  quality  and  originality — they  are  irresistible  to  the  fashion  leaders  of 
the  country,  who  delight  in  the  rich,  lustrous  fabrics  produced  by  Rogers  & 
Thompson,  whose  trade  mark, 


is  world  famous  as  the  guarantee 
of  beauty,  quality  and  approved  fashion  in  silk  dress  goods. 


HISTORICAL  SOUVF.X  I  R 


Wm.  Simpson,  Sons  &  Co. 

DRY   GOODS   COMMISSION  MERCHANTS 


248 

77 

The  Bourse 

Worth  Street 

Philadelphia 

New  York 

Turkey  Reds,  Berlin  Lawns,  Batistes, 

Long  Cloths  Satines 


TRADE  \ 


MARK 
FAST  DYE 


WHY 


are  the  high  class  Furriers  showing  a  more  extensive  line  of 

SEALSKIN 

than  in  any  previous  season  for  the  past  number  of  years?     Because  fashion  has  decreed  Sealskin  as  the 

"PREMIER"  FUR 

of   the  year.    As  a  substitute  fo  r  this  fur  we  have  been  successful  in  producing 

DOBSON'S   BRILLIANT  SEAL. 

This  fabric,  considering  its  high  lustre,  finish,  and  fast  dye,  is  the  nearest  approach  to  the  natural  fur  that  can  be 

produced  by  human  brains  and  skill. 

JOHN   &   JAMES  DOBSON 

The   Pioneer   manufacturers  of 

PILE  FABRICS 

in  America. 

Sales  Rooms,  134  &  136  Spring  Street,  New  York 

Under  .Management  of  Louis  C.  Ganzal  and  Henry  J.  Gabel 


Mills,  Falls  of  Schuylkill, 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 


1 1 1 '  I )  S  O  X  - 1  ■•  I  •  I .  T  ( )  X   CK  I.  KB  RATI  OX 


Botany  Worsted  Mills 

PASSAIC,  N.  J. 

INCORPORATED  MAY.  1889 


Manufacturers  of  Woolen  and  Worsted 
yarns,  Ladies  Dress  Goods  and  Mens 
Wear  fabrics.  They  employ  about  5000 
people.  Their  products  are  sold  direct  to 
the  trade,  and  have  gained  a  national 
reputation  for  high  standard  and  uniform- 
ity of  grade.        :        :        :        :  : 

NEW   YORK    SELLING  OFFICES: 
Fifth  Avenue  Building,      Fifth  Avenue  and  23d  Street 

n     i  — 1 


'-'7 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Passaic  Plant    Erected  1904 


FORSTMANN  &  HUFFMANN  CO. 

PASSAIC,  N.  J. 

Incorporated  1904 

Manufacturers  of  Fine  Woolens  for  Ladies'  and  Men's  Wear 

SALES  ROOMS: 
Ladies'  Wear,  377-379  Broadway,  New  York 

Men  s  Wear,  8  J  7-8 19  Broadway,  New  York 


Garfield  Plant    Erected  1909 

128 


Ill'DSl  i\  !•  I  I.  I  <  )\    CLLEHR  \TK  ).\ 


Piece  Mercerizing 
Bleaching,  Dyeing  and  Finishing 
Fine   Cotton  Goods 
and  embroideries 

STANDARD  BLEACHERIES.  CARLTOX  HILL,  N.  J. 
Capacity,   500,000  Yards  Daily 

STANDARD  BLEACHERY  CO. 

Carlton   Hill,  New  Jersey 

i  -9 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


H.  &  W.  H.  LEWIS 

71  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York 


WORSTEDS 

AND 

WOOLENS 


COMMISSION  MERCHANTS 


PHILADELPHIA 

BOSTON 

CHICAGO 


A.  L.  Reid  4  Company 

IMPORTERS  AND  CONVERTERS 

WHITE  GOODS 
64-66 White  St,  New  York 


CHICAGO  OFFICE: 

42  Madison  Sc.,   P.  A.  Leask,  Agent 

SAN  FRANCISCO : 

22  Battery  St.,  Frank  F.  Sturges,  Agent 


SOLE  AGENTS  in  theU.  S.: 

Taylor's  Famous  White  Satin 
Quilts  and  Taylor's  Simplex 
Quilts  under  U.  S.  Patents. 


G.A.STAFFORD 
&CO. 

Commission  Merchants 


NEW  YORK         BOSTON  CHICAGO 
SAN  FRANCISCO 

Staple  Cottons 

Bleached,  Brown  and  Colored— for  the 
Jobbing,  Culting-lp,  Converting  and  Ex- 
port Trade,  including 

Pilot  Chambrays, 
Tip  Top  ( Cuting)  and  Keinebec  i Mottled)  Flannels 
Dog's  Head  Shirtings,  Lenox  Ginghams- 

Spanish  Chambrays,  Old  Hampshire  Tickings, 
Red  Label  ( Indigo i  Denims,  Tickings,  Hickory  Stripes- 

Coverts,  Drils  Cabeza  de  Perro  and  Cnbano. 
Dreamland,  Economy,         I  Wide  Sheetings  and 
Haw  thorn,  Cottondale,  Ready-Made  Sheets. 


See  also  our  REMNANT  DEPARTMENT 


"The  Crowning  Attribute  of  Lovl  yWoman  is  Cleainliness." 


Odorless  Hygienic 

NAIAD 

DRESS  SHIELD 

SUPREME  IN 

Beauty!    Quality!  Cleanliness! 

Can  be  sterilized  and  washed  and  ironed. 

Absolutely  Free  Iro.n  Rubber,  Sulphur  and  Poisonous  Cement 

Guarantee  with  every  pair  A  1  styles  and  sizes.      At  the 
stores,  or  sample  pair  sent  on  reeeiDts  of  25  CENTS. 

The  C.  E.  C0N0VER  C0.,MfrS.,  101  Franklin  St..  New  York.  N.  Y. 


HUDSOX-FULTOX  CELEBRATION 


The  SCRIVEN  Underwear 


Knee  Length 

Full  Length 

Light  Weight 

Heavy  Weight 

Undershirts  to 
Match 

Made  in 
Twills 
Linen 
Nainsook 
Silks,  &c. 


If  you  want  Style 

Use  the  SCRIVEN  Underwear 


If  you  want  Fit 

Use  the  SCRIVEN  Underwear 


If  you  want  Comfort 

Use  the  SCRIVEN  Underwear 


If  you  want  Durability 

Use  the  SCRIVEN  Underwear 


If  you  want  Value 

Use  the  SCRIVEN  Underwear 


If  you  are  looking  for  a  garment  that  will  not  tear 
YOU  SHOULD  USE  THE  SCRIVEN  UNDERWEAR 


YOU  take  NO 
chances,  as  we 
0wm>    guarantee  FIT 
ibiiti?M&m  and  SATIS- 
fe^  FACTION. 


Descriptive  Booklet 
Sent  on  Request. 


You  can  get  all  waist 
sizes  from  28  to  50  inches 
and  all  leg  lengths  from 
28  to  36  inches. 
Think  what  this  means 
to  you  to  be  able  to  get 
your  fit  from  stock. 

Order  from  your  Haberdasher. 


J.  A.  Scriven  Co.  (Sole  M'tYs)  16  and  18  E.  1  5th  St.  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 


«3l 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


AMERICAN   FLAG  CO. 

j&  MANUFACTURERS  OF  FLAGS  j& 

of  Every  Kind  and  Description 
ESTABLISHED    OVER    50  YEARS 

Factory  and  Office 
45  &  47  Elizabeth  St.,    V    V    NEW  YORK 

Branch 

100  &  102  Lake  St.,    V    V    CHICAGO,  ILL. 


THE,  MARK  OF  HONEST  VALUE 

In  future  every  piece  of  our  enormous  and  remarkable  line  of  White  and  Colored  goods  will  be 

stamped  with  this  trade  mark,  which 
has  been  the  standard  for  the  trade  for 
over  40  years. 

SHERMAN  &  SONS  CO. 

62  <SL  64  Leonard  St.,        N.  Y. 

cifc  CONVERTERS  OF 

White  Goods     Colored  Goods 


THE 

COTTON  GOODS 

SCHWAB- KEPNER 

"IRON  WEAVE- 
FABRICS 

COMPANY 

Commission  Merchants 

CORNER  CHURCH  AND  LEONARD  STREETS 

TELEPHONE: 
3100  Franklin 

DRY  GOOD 

Examined  Refolded  Papered  Labeled,  Etc. 

Bookfolded        Measured         Banded,  Etc.   Books,  Stamped 
Ticketed  Rolled  Samples  Cut    Embossed  Filled,  Etc. 

Bailing  and   Packing   for   Export  and   Domestic.      Lithographing  and  Printing  of  Cards,  Tickets> 

Tags,  Bands,  Etc. 

HINMAN   &  TAYLOR 

Successors  to  HUBERT  VON  WAGENEN,  Est.  1844 
159   DUANE   STREET  NEW  YORK 

132 


HUDSOX-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


S.  Slater  &  Sons,  Inc. 

EVERETT  BUILDING 

4th  Ave.,  &  1  7th  Street,  New  York. 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

COTTONS  AND  WOOLENS 

Printed  Shirtings,  Plain  and  Fancy — Percales — Sleeve  Linings 
Mercerized  Cloths,  Linings  for  Women's  Wear  in  Great  Variety 

WORSTED  SERGES  ANDLFANCY 

Venetians  and  Diagonals,  Broad  Cloths,  Flannels,  Uniform  Cloths. 
All  desirable  weights  and  qualities 

Carriage  Cloths  all  Weights 

BOSTON,      CHICAGO,      ST.  LOUIS,      BALTIMORE,  PHILADELPHIA. 


GEO.  H.  McFADDEN  &  BRO.. 

COTTON  MERCHANTS 


121  Chestnut  Street,  :  :  :  :  PHILADELPHIA 
3  South  William  St.,    :    :    :    :    :    NEW  YORK 


SELLING  AGENCIES 


For  New  England  and  Canada 

BOSTON  :    70  Kilby  Street 
PROVIDENCE  :    6  Washington  Row 
FALL  RIVER  :    25-23  Archer  Building 
NEW  BEDFORD  :    29  North  Water  Street 
MONTREAL  :    S7  St.  Francis  Xavier  Street 


For  Southern  Mills 

ATLANTA  GA. 

SPARTANBURG,  S.  C. 
GREENVILLE,  S.  C. 
CHARLOTTE,  N.  C. 
AUGUSTA,  GA. 


133 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


DRUGS,  CHEMICALS,  PAINTS,  OILS  AND 

VARNISHES 


The  growth  of  the  Drug,  Chemical,  Paint, 
Oil  and  Varnish  line  in  New  York  City  in  the 
last  half-century,  has  been  phenomenal  and 
the  change  in  the  methods  of  conducting  busi- 
ness and  processes  of  manufacture  has  been 
no  less  wonderful. 

Fifty  years  ago  the  drug  and  chemical  busi- 
ness was  practically  centered  at  William  and 
Nassau  streets,  while  probably  a  dozen 
houses,  the  pioneers  in  the  trade,  were  the 
full  representation  in  the  line.  To-day,  most 
of  these  old  firms  have  succumbed  to  the  age 
of  progress  and  their  places  have  been  taken 
by  hundreds  of  alert  dealers  and  manufac- 
turers, who  have  succeeded  by  rare  business 
acumen,  improved  processes  and  a  multiplic- 
ity of  superior  preparations,  in  bringing  the 
volume  of  the  business  of  the  entire  country 
to  this  city.  Present  day  methods  have  en- 
tirely eliminated  the  drug  broker,  once  a 
potent  factor  in  the  conduct  of  the  business, 
and  brought  the  retailer  in  direct  contact 
with  the  manufacturer,  a  change  that  has 
been  beneficial  to  both. 

The  drug  and  chemical  trade  is  perhaps 
less  susceptible  to  changes  in  character  than 
many  other  lines,  and  there  is  probably  no 
business  that  so  thoroughly  represents  the 
world  in  its  varied  stocks  as  that  of  the  deal- 
ers in  drugs,  chemicals,  paints,  oils  and  var- 
nishes, every  corner  of  the  earth  contributing 
more  or  less  to  the  general  stock. 

Changing  industrial  conditions,  close  com- 
petition and  combinations  among  producers 
and  distributers  have  caused  widely  divergent 
fluctuations  in  prices  in  almost  every  staple 
article  but  this  combination  of  conditions  has 
brought  an  activity  into  the  trade  that  has 
caused  it  to  steadily  increase  until  the  busi- 
ness has  assumed  proportions  that  would 
amaze  the  plodding  merchant  and  manufac- 
turer of  half-a-century  ago. 

There  are  now  hundreds  of  products  that 
were  totally  unknown  in  the  early  stages  of 
the  business,  while  many  of  the  old  stanle  ar- 


ticles have  almost  entirely  disappeared  from 
the  market. 

Another  noticeable  change  is  that  many  of 
the  larger  firms  have  established  factories 
at  near-by  points  and  only  maintain  offices 
here.  Many  of  these  now  manufacture 
specialties  and  consequently  require  no  large 
stores  and  warehouses,  the  goods  being  sold 
by  sample  only,  and  the  space  required  for 
the  conduct  of  the  business  gives  no  ade- 
quate idea  of  its  magnitude. 

By  this  process  the  trade  has  become  great- 
ly concentrated  and  the  business  has  expand- 
ed to  mammoth  proportions,  drugs,  chemicals, 
and  the  kindred  lines  ranking  among  the 
great  industries  of  the  city.  It  is  contended 
that  New  York  and  its  contiguous  territory, 
representing  as  it  does,  about  i-i5th  of  the 
population  of  the  entire  country,  uses  drugs 
in  sufficient  quantities  to  keep  the  local  manu- 
facturers and  dealer  busy,  if  no  demand 
should  come  from  other  parts  of  the  country. 

In  the  production  of  paints,  oils  and  var- 
nishes, this  city  is  also  a  leader.  The  var- 
ious manufacturers  of  these  commodities  con- 
fining themselves  to  special  brands  that  have 
become  world-famous. 

Like  the  drug  and  chemical  line,  the  plants 
of  these  manufacturers  have  entirly  disap- 
peared from  the  city,  the  executive  and 
selling  offices  of  the  firms  only  being  main- 
tained here.  In  the  olden  days  these  fac- 
tories were  a  part  of  the  city's  industrial  dis- 
trict but  rents  and  the  prices  of  ground  have 
so  materially  increased  that  they  were  com- 
pelled to  seek  locations  elsewhere.  The  re- 
sult has  been  to  the  advantage  of  Brooklyn 
and  many  points  in  New  Jersey.  In  Brook- 
lyn, especially,  are  located  many  of  the 
largest  establishments,  Greenpoint  and  Wil- 
liamsburg offering  great  opportunities  in  the 
way  of  acreage,  railroad  and  water  facilities. 
Long  Island  and  Staten  Island  have  also  re- 
ceived their  share  of  these  big  concerns  and 
in  any  of  the  localities  named  can  be  found 
mammoth  buildings  devoted  to  the  manufac- 
ture of  chemicals,  drugs,  paints,  oils  and  var- 
nishes, which  occupy  acres  and  acres  of  ter- 
ritory, and  give  employment  to  an  army  of 
skilled  workmen  and  laborers. 

From  this  brief  review  of  these  important 
industries  some  idea  of  their  magnitude  can 
be  gained  and  their  importance  in  the  indus- 
trial world,  realized. 


134 


HUDSON-FULTON    CELEBRATK )  N 

National  Aniline  & 
Chemical  Co. 


100  William  Street,  New  York 


NEW  YORK.  100  William  St. 
PHILADELPHIA,  109  North  Water  St. 
BOSTON,  36  Purchase  St. 
PROVIDENCE,  28  North  Main  St. 
NEW  HAVEN,  211  Water  St. 


MILWAUKEE,  175  Clinton  St. 
MINNEAPOLIS,  114  Second  St.  North 
CHICAGO,  110  Vichigan  St. 
CINCINNATI,  232  East  Pearl  St. 
KANSAS  CITY,  413  West  Filth  St. 


Dyestuffs,  Drugs  and  Chemicals 


SOLE    AGENTS  FOR 


Schoellkopf,  Hartford  &  Hanna  Co.,  Buffalo 

Manufacturers  of  ANILINE  COLORS,  COAL  TAR  PRODUCTS,  Etc. 


Powdered  and  Block  Carbo- 
ate  Magnesia. 


ALBANY  CHEMICAL  CO..  Amy!  Acetate  Acetone,  Etc 

AMERICAN  MAGNESIA  &  COVERING  CO.,  j 

TYRER'S  Pure  Phosphoric  Acid,  Syrupy. 
HOWARD'S   Cafleine,  Calomel  and  True  Benzoic  Acid. 
STURGE'S    English  Precipitated  Chalk  and  Bicarbonate  Potash. 
T0MBAREL  FRERES,  Raw  Material  lor  Perfumers,  and  Soap  Makers. 

FR  ATFI  I^F  PA^OIIAI  F  J?r    CC\      Hand  pressed  and  Turpenless  Oils  of  Bei 

*  1  LiLiLdl   U Li  A  AU^UnLLi  VX    \s\J.,  Lemon.  Orange.  Etc.    Pure  Lucca  Olive  Ol 

GAS  LIGHT  &  COKE  CO.  OF  LONDON,  SSH'r? 

7  i minium  Nitrate.  Creosote,  &c. 

HAMMER  &  HIRZEL,    Gums,  Otto  ol  Roses. 


Crystal 
ne.  Am- 


135 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


A.  KLIPSTEIN  &  COMPANY 

122  Pearl  Street,  New  York 

BOSTON  PHILADELPHIA  CHICACO  PROVIDENCE 

Represented  in  Canada  by  A.  Klipstein  &  Co.  Ltd. 
TORONTO,  ONT.  MONTREAL,  CANADA 


IMPORTERS  OF 

ANILINE  COLORS,  DYESTUFFS, 
TANNING  MATERIALS, 
DRYSALTERIES,  CHEMICALS, 
VARNISH  GUMS 


FOR  DYERS,  BLEACHERS,  CALICO  PRINTERS,  COTTON,  WOOLEN, 
SILK  MILLS,  PAINT  !&  VARNISH  MANUFACTURERS,  TANNERS, 
WALL  PAPER  MANUFACTURERS,  CHEMICAL  MANUFACTURERS, 
GLASS  MAKERS,  iSOAP  MAKERS,  PAPER  MANUFACTURERS,  RUBBER 
MANUFACTURERS,  METALLURGISTS,  INK  MANUFACTURERS,  ELEC- 
TRICAL AND  GALVANIZING  PURPOSES,  AND  OTHER  INDUSTRIES. 


EXPORTERS  OF 
AMERICAN  PRODUCTS 


136 


IIUDSOX-FULTON  CELEBRATION' 


E.  HEY  DEN  REICH  E.  S.  WOODWARD 

L.  V.  HEYDEN REICH 
1849  i9°9 

Established  1S49 

E.  FOUGERA 
&  CO. 

IMPORTERS  OK  FRENCH  AND  ENGLISH 

Pharmaceutical  Specialties 

No.  Ninety  Beekman  Street 
New  York 


Telephone  3545  Beekman 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


ESTABLISHED  1849. 


81  Maiden  Lane    New  York 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 


CREAM  TARTAR, 

Crystals  and  Powdered,  99  1-2%— 100% 


FACTORY 
BOROUGH  OF  BROOKLYN 
NEW  YORK 


07 
0 


TARTARIC  ACID, 99  l-2%-ioo 

Crystals,  Granulated  and  Powdered 


CITRIC  ACID,  99  l-2%-100%  BORIC  ACID, 99  i-2%-ioo% 

Crystals,  Granulated  and  Powdered  Crystals,  Granulated  and  Powdered 

ROCHELLE  SALT,  Powdered  and  Crystals,  99  U2%— 100% 
BORAX,  Crystals,  Granulated  and  Powdered,  99  1-2%— 100% 


Bismuth  Subnitrate 
Seidlitz  Mixture 
Refined  Camphor  Pure 

Potassium    Iodide  Crystals  and  Granular 
Iodoform,  Light  and  Bulky 

Iodine  Resublimed 
Chloroform 
Sodium  Benzoate 

Tannic    Acid,  Pharmaceutical  &  Technical 


Bismuth  Subgallate 
Bismuth  Subcarbonate 
Calomel 

Corrosive  Sublimate 
Red  Precipitate 
White  Precipitate 
Strychnine,  (All  Salts  of) 
Scale  Salts  of  Iron 
Sodium  Salicylate 


Also   a   General    Line   of  Pharmaceutical  Chemicals 


us 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


BRILLIANT  ACHIEVEMENTS 

The  brilliant  achievements  of  Hudson  and  Fulton  mark  two  memorable  epochs  in  the 
history  of  America. 

An  epoch  in  the  history  of  Silver  Polishes — a  bright  cne  for  housekeepers — was  marked 
bv  the  introduction  of 


nearly  half  a  century  ago.  Its  continued  use  by  three  successive  generations  is  evidence  of 
its  superior  and  exceptional  merits.  GREAT  BRILLIANCY  is  imparted  so  easily  and 
quickly  to  SILVERWARE,  other  fine  metals  and  Cut  Glass,  that  its  use  is  a  pleasure;  and 
at  the  same  time  it  will  not  scratch  or  wear  the  most  delicate  surface. 

ONE  TRIAL  WILL  CONVINCE.    Send  your  address  on  a  postal  for 

FREE  SAMPLE 
The  Electro  Silicon  Co.,  30  cliff  st..  new  york 

SOLD  BY  GROCERS  AND  DRUGGISTS  EVERYWHERE 


139 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


The 


Roessler  &  Hasslacher 
Chemical  Co. 

MANUFACTURING  AND  IMPORTING  CHEMISTS 

CHEMICALS 


For  Pharmacy  and  the  Arts 


SALES  OFFICES; 

BOSTON 
120  Milk  Street 

CHICAGO 

16  North  Clark  Street 

CINCINNATI 

9  East  Pearl  Street 

KANSAS  CITY 
201  Kemper  Building: 

PHILADELPHIA 

629  Drexel  Building 

NEW  ORLEANS 
313  Canal-La.  Bank  Bldg. 


Chemical  Works: 

PERTH  AMBOY, 
NEW  JERSEY 


Electrolytical  Works 

(Niagara-Electro 
Chemical  Co.) 

NIAGARA  FALLS,  NY. 


100  WILLIAM  STREET 

Warehouses:  ^^fifi^ 

NEW  YORK 


Perth  Amboy  Chemical  Works 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

Formaldehyde 


OFFICE: 

100  William  St.,  New  York 


WORKS: 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J. 


140 


HUDSOX-FULTON  CFXERRATIOK 


W 


H.A.METZ&CO. 


FARBWERKE  VORM.    MEISTER  LUCIUS  &  BRUENING 

HOECHST  ON  THE  MAIN,  GERMANY 

Aniline  Colors 
Alizarine  Colors 
Indigo  MLB 
Chemicals 
Antitoxin  "Behring" 
Tuberculin  "Koch" 
Photographic  Chemicals 


NEW  YORK,  N.  Y.,  122  HUDSON  ST. 


SOLE  AGENTS  FOR  THE  U.  S.  AND  CANADA 


FOR   THE    PRODUCTS  OF 


BOSTON 


PHILADELPHIA 

CHICAGO 

ATLANTA 

SAN  FRANCISCO 


PROVIDENCE 

CHARLOTTE 

MONTREAL 


LABORATORIES:    NEWARK,  N.  J. 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Franklin  H.  Kalbfleisck  Co. 

Main  Of f ices :  BROADWAY  &  16TH  STREET 
NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

WORKS  :         Brooklyn,  N.  Y.;  Elizabeth,  N.  J.; 

Erie,  Pa.;  Waterbury,  Conn. 

BRANCHES:  Danbury,  Conn.;  Newark,  N.  J.; 

Paterson,  N.  J.;  Providence,  R.  I. 


Brooklyn  Works. 

ACIDS — Commercial  and  Pure 

ACETIC 

MURIATIC 

NITRIC  (Aqua  Fortis) 

SULPHURIC  (Oil  of  Vitriol) 
ALUM -All  grades 
AQUA  AMMONIA 
COPPER  SALTS  and  SOLUTIONS 
IRON  SALTS  and  SOLUTIONS 
LACQUER  for  brass,  copper,  gold  and  silver  ware 
SULPHATE  OF  SODA  (Glaubers  Salt) 
TIN  SALTS  AND  SOLUTIONS 

And  a  general  line  of  heavy  chemicals  for  Bleachers,  Dyers, 
Metal  Manufacturers  and  Water  Filtration  Plants. 


142 


nri)S<  ).\  i-L'LTun  ('i-.li:i:ka  i  i<  >.\ 


The  Home  of  Scott's  Emulsion 


N  ALL  the  years  since  the  dis- 
covery of  our  beautiful  Hudson 
River — in  fact,  in  all  the  years 
since  the  world  began — there  has 
been  only  one  world-wide  success 
in  the  manufacture  of  a  perfect 
Emulsion  of  Cod  Liver  Oil. 

For  centuries  cod  liver  oil  was 
known  to  possess  wonderful  healing 
and  strengthening  properties,  but 
only  the  strongest  could  digest  it; 
the  delicate,  sickly  child,  the  run- 
down, exhausted  adult  who  really 
needed  it  could  not  take  it. 

The  discovery  of  the  process  of 
emulsifying  cod  liver  oil  and  mak- 
ing it  palatable  and  digestible  was  made  only  35  years  ago,  but 
in  this  short  space  of  time 

Scott's  Emulsion 

— the  one  great  world-wide  success — has  reached  out  to  every 
civilized  country  and  brought  health  and 
strength  to  millions  of  human  beings.  Even 
the  youngest  babe,  most  delicate  child  or 
feeble  adult  can  take  and  digest  it,  and  every 
drop  does  good.  Nothing  adds  flesh  and 
strength  so  quickly. 

Scott's  Emulsion  is  the  world's  standard 
body-builder. 

SCOTT  &  BOWNE,  Chemists 

—  =  NEW  YORK  - 


143 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


ESTABLISHED  1851 

EIMER  &  AMEND 

205-2 1  1  Third  Avenue 

NEW  YORK  CITY 

LABORATORY  FURNISHERS  & 
WHOLESALE  DRUGGISTS 


We  carry  by  far  the  largest  and  most  comprehensive  stock  in  this  country  of: 
CHEMICAL  &  BACTERIOLOGICAL  APPARATUS 
ASSAY  &  METALLURGICAL  SUPPLIES, 
C.  P.  CHEMICALS,  REAGENTS, 
MINERALS  &  RARE  DRUGS 


Apparatus  for  the  analysis  of  FOODS,  FUELS,  GAS,  IRON  &  STEEL, 
MILK,  SUGAR,  WATER,  Etc.,  Etc.,  Etc. 


flM^^M— iWllil—Jail 

144 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


1NNIS,  SPEIDEN  &  CO. 


One  of  the  commercial  land  marks 
for  nearly  one  hundred  years  has  been 
the  dyestuff  mill  of  Innis  &  Co.  in 
Poughkeepsie  on  the  Hudson. 

The  firm  of  Innis  &  Co.  was  founded 
by  Aaron  Innis,  one  of  Poughkeepsie's 
leading  merchants,  in  1816  for  the  bene- 
fit of  his  son-in-law.  Howland  R.  Sher- 
man, under  the  style  or  trade  name  of 
Gifford,  Sherman  &  Innis. 

On  the  death  of  Sherman  in  1858,  the 
business  was  continued  by  the  sole 
surviving  partner.  George  Innis,  for 
many  years  Mayor  of  Poughkeepsie, 
Bank  president,  and  philanthropist.  In 
1885,  the  style  was  changed  to  Innis  & 
Co.  and  continued  as  such  until  its 
present  incorporation  in  1906,  as  Innis. 
Speiden  &  Co. 

The  Vice-President  and  Treasurer  of 
the  present  corporation,  Mr.  Geo.  V. 
Sheffield,  entered  the  firm  of  Gifford. 
Sherman  &  Innis,  as  a  boy,  in  1879. 
and  has  continued  with  the  firm  ever 
since.  The  President  of  the  concern. 
Mr.  C.  C.  Speiden,  and  the  Secretary, 
Mr.  Marion  Speiden,  were  promi- 
nently connected  for  many  years  prior 
to  the  incorporation  of  the  above  firm 
with  the  dyestuff  and  chemical  busi- 
ness in  America  and  in  touch  with  the 
European  markets,  so  that  the  busi- 
ness of  Innis,  Speiden  &  Co.,  instead 
of  being  confined  to  dyewoods,  ex- 
tracts. &c,  now  comprises  chemicals, 
dyestuff s,  &c,  required  by  the  vari- 
ous manufacturing  trades,  prominent 
among  which  are  several  specialties 
for  paper  mills. 

The  Headquarters  of  Innis,  Speiden 
&  Co.  are  at  46  Cliff  St..  New  York, 
with  branch  offices  in  Chicago,  Boston, 
and  Philadelphia,  and  agencies  in  sev- 
eral  European  countries. 


T45 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


1851       TOttttU  Sffcnrt  S^mtts"      1 909 

W.  J.  BUSH  &  CO. 

(INCORPORATED) 

Essential  Oils 
Fruit  Flavors 
Pure  Food  Colors 
Perfumers  Raw  Material 

100  William  St,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

FACTORIES 

London,    Mitcham,  Grasse,  Messina,  Linden,  N.  J.  (U.  S.  A.) 

DEPOTS 

Melbourne,    Sydney,    Moscow,  Toronto,   Montreal,  Chicago 


THE  FINEST  ENAMEL  IN  THE  WORLD 


For  use  on  the  exterior  of 

YACHTS,  AUTOMOBILES,  CARRIAGES  and  HOUSES, 

and  for  ALL  FINE  INTERIOR  DECORATING. 

ENAMOLIN  dries  out  with  a  finish  closely  resembling  porcelain.  It  shows  no 
brush  marks,  laps  or  seams.  It  never  checks,  peels,  flakes  or  cracks.  When 
soiled  it  may  be  scrubbed  with  soap  and  water  without  the  slightest  injury 

MANUFACTURED    ONLY  BY 

EMIL  CALMAN  &  CO.,  100  William  Street,  New  York  City 


146 


HUDSON-FULTON 

CAPTAIN  "LEM"  MILLER 

Captain  Leonard  Miller,  known  to  his  friends 
as  Captain  "Lem,"  is  president  of  the  Reliance 
Paint  Company,  of  2  Stone  street.  New  York  city. 

The  name  of  this  flourishing  concern  was  origi- 
nated through  the  famous  yacht  Reliance,  which 
was  the  latest  champion  to  defend  the  "America's" 
cup  in  the  international  races  against  the  Sham- 
rock 111,  in  1903.  Captain  Miller  was  assistant 
to  Captain  Barr  in  racing  the  Reliance  on  that 
occasion,  and  the  name  of  the  yacht  so  impressed 
him  that  when  he  bought  out  the  marine  paint 
factory  of  the  late  George  W.  Piper,  he  resolved 
to  perpetuate  the  title  in  the  company  of  pro- 
prietorship of  which  he  hecame  president. 

Captain  Miller  went  to  sea  at  the  age  of  14.  and 
was  mate  of  big  ships  in  the  East  Indian  and'  West 
Coast  nitrate  trad  s  for  several  years,  his  smallest 
vessel  being  a  1,200-ton  barque,  before  he  went 
into  American  yachts. 

Previous  to  the  'Reliance,  he  had  been  mate  of 
her  predecessor  as  champion,  the  Columbia,  and 
was  also  mate  of  the  Defender,  the  Vigilant,  the 
Colonia,  the  Jubilee  and  the  Altair.  He  sailed  the 
schooner  yacht  Ailsa  in  the  ocean  race  from  Sandy 
Hook  to  the  Needles,  in  which  the  Atlantic  (the 
winner)  and  nine  others  competed.  The  year  be- 
fore that  he  had  sailed  the  Atlantic  in  the  summer 
races  here,  winning  the  Brenton  Reef  and  Cape 
May  cups,  and  had  previously  sailed  the  famous 


CAPTAIN  "LEM"  MILLER 

Navahoe.  which  h;  took  across  the  Atlantic  and 
raced  against  the  German  Emperor's  Meteor. 

Captain  Miller  is  an  eminent  Mason,  a  member 
of  the  New  York  Maritime  Exchange,  of  Harbor 
No.  77.  American  Association  of  Masters,  Mates 
.-..id  Pilots,  and  of  the  Yacht  Masters'  and  Engi- 
neers' Association.  His  factory  is  at  the  corner 
1  Bond  and  First  streets,  Brooklyn,  and  he  lives 
at  No.  389  Second  street,  Brooklyn,  convenient  to 
r'.l  his  interests.  Captain  Miller  has  the  best 
wishes  of  the  members  of  the  Association  for  his 
continued  success. 


CELEBRATION 


J.  A.  Van  Brunt 


&  Company,  Inc. 


100  William  Street,     -    N.  Y. 


CHEMICALS 

AND 

DYESTUFFS 


SPECIALTIES  : 

TURKEY  RED  OIL  (Soluble  Oil) 
ACETATE  OF  SODA 
ACETATE  OF  LEAD 
NITRITE  OF  SODA 
TIN  CRYSTALS 

INQUIRIES  SOLICITED 


MUNRO  & 

CO. 

No.    1  Liberty 

Street 

I  CHEMICALS 

ANILINE  COLORS 

LOGWOOD  EXTRACTS 

SOLUBLE  OILS 

's~7)" 

4 

147 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


THE  WHITE  TAR 
COMPANY 

5  FRONT  ST.,  NEW  YORK 

CHEMICALS 

NAPHTHALINE 
PRODUCTS 
IN  BULK  AND  CARTONS 

"Crater"  Sulphur  Candles 
Pine  Tar  Moth  Paper 
Pine  Tar  Moth  Bags 

DISINFECTANTS 
OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION 
"HYDROCRESOL"  "CREOLOL" 


BUG  DESTROYER 


Phinotas  Disinfectant 

NON-POISONOUS    AND  NON-CORROSIVE. 
ONE   CENT   A   GALLON    IS   THE   COST   WHEN    PROPERLY  DILUTED. 

IS  ESPECIALLY  ADAPTED 

For  domestic  and  veterinary  uses.    For  exterminating  vermin  of  all  kinds.  For 

destroying  bad  odors. 

For  every  purpose  requiring  a  powerful,  clean- 
ser, disinfectant,  dodorizer,  antiseptic  and  germ- 
icide. 

Phinotas  is  the  result  of  over  30  years  experience  in  this  line  and  is  the  safest  and 
cheapest  disinfectant  to  use  because  the  must  efficient. 

Used  by  leading  Boards  cf  Health,  Manufacturing  Plants,  Stores,   Hotels,  Office 
.Buildings,  Schools,  Institutions,  etc. 

Other  Sanitary  Supplies  of  every  description  to  suit  all  conditions.    Write  for 
descriptive  booklet. 

PHINOTAS   CHEMICAL  CO. 

237   FRONT  STREET         ::         ::         ::         NEW  YORK 


Mrs.  Winslow's 
Soothing 
Syrup 

USED    BY    MILLIONS  OF 
MOTHERS  FOR  OVER  50 
YEARS 

For 

CHILDREN  TEETHING 

FOR  SALE 

All  Over  The  World 


148 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


CREME  ELCAYA 

"A    TOILET    CREAM    OF  QUALITY" 

Unquestionably  the  most  exquisite  and  de- 
lightful of  facial  creams  both  in  fragrance  and 
character  and  the  most  suitably  adapted  for 
preparing  for  society  occasions  as  well  as  for 
preserving  the  complexion  against  the  harsh 
effects  of  out-door  exposure. 

SOLD  BY  ALL  LEADING  DEALERS 
IN  TOILET  ARTICLES  AT  50  CENTS 

"SAMPLE   ON  REQUEST" 

JAMES  C.  CRANE,  sole.aoent 

108  Fulton  Street  New  York 


MO 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


TEJLJBPHON  E  CON  NEOTIO  N 


WM.  G.  CARLISLE 

Contracting  Decorator  in  Stamped  Steel 

233  WATER  ST.,  NEW  YORK 


Mr.  Carlisle  has  been  connected  with  the  Stamp  Steel  Ceiling  business  for  upwards  of  twenty-five 
years  which  is  a  lunger  period  than  any  other  person  now  engaged  in  similar  line  of  business  and 
specimens  of  his  wcrk  can  be  seen  in  the  large  stores  and  buildings  in  New  York  and  vicinity. 


EAGLE  PENCIL 
COMPANY 


€l)Cttusrt)e  QVniline  toorks 

flfcanufactutcrs  of 

Hntbracin  &  Coal  £ar  products 

24*26  Stone  Street 
flew  !£>orft 


LARGE- T  MANUFACTURERS  OF 

LEAD  PENCILS 
COLORED  PENCILS 
COPYING    INK  PENCILS 
FOUNTAIN  PENS 
STEEL  PENS 
PENCIL  COM  PASSES 
CARPENTER  PENCILS 
PENCIL  SHARPENERS 
PENHOLDERS 
SLATE  PENCILS 
STATIONERS-  RUBBER  GOODS 
MAGIC  KNIVES 


FACTORY 

710  East  14th  Street,  New  York 

OFFICE  &  SALESROOM 

377  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK 

BRANCH  FACTORY  &  OFFICES 

Tottenham,   London,  England. 


Main  Office  1254  to  25w  Canal  St.X.Y. 


LUMBER  YARDS 


frO  0T  OF  BROOME  ST.ano  CAST  RIVER  <rv<3.1.'  SAWMIILS 

Iroor  or  cast  125 J-  stanoharlem  river  ~-n\zJ"<s~ 

EUROPEAN  BRANCH    II  TO  29  ODD  ST.  LONDON  ENGLANO 


I  ASHLAND  KENTUCKY 
\  EVANSVI LLE  INDIANA 


150 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


AMERICAN 

Ice  Company, 


TWENTY-EIGHTH  STREET 
AND  BROADWAY. 


Best  Quality  of 
Natural  and 
Artificial 
Ice  for 
Sale 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


THREE   HUNDRED    YEARS  AGO 


ENRY  HUDSON  discovered  and  explored,  in  the  ship  "Half 
Moon,"  the  beautiful  river  which  bears  his  name.  At  that  time 
steam  navigation  was  unknown  and  human  muscle  and  the  winds 
were  the  means  employed  for  the  propulsion  of  ships. 


ONE   HUNDRED    YEARS  AGO 


G 


OBERT  FULTON  successfully  navigated  the  Hudson  in  his 
steamboat  "Clermont,"  the  first  commercial  application  of  steam 
to  navigation. 


EIGHTY-SIX   YEARS  AGO 

AS  as  an  illuminant  was  first  introduced  in  New  York  City.  At 
that  time  but  little  more  gas  was  used  in  a  year  than  is  now 
distributed  during  one  hour  in  the  evening. 

These  events  have  contributed  greatly  to  the  advancement  of 
civilization  and  the  growth  of  our  city.    Imagine  two  millions  of 
people  obliged  to  burn  candles  and  oil  for  light;  and  to 
cook,  iron  and  do  the  one  hundred  and  one  tasks  with 
coal  and  wood  that  gas  is  doing  today. 


NVMDER  7  CHETtRY    iT.  (1323) 
IN  THIS  HOUSE  GA5  WAS  FIRST  USED  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY 

A  5 PAN  of  66  YEARS 


flCKERBOCKERJ 

TIMES  SQUARE  (1909) 
ONE  OF  THE  PRESENT-DAY  USES  OF  OAS 


Consolidated  Gas  Company  of  New  York 


GEO.  B.  CORTELYOU,  President 


152 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


The  object  of  the 

New  York  Electrical  Show 

THE  New  York  Electrical  Show  creates  a  general  public  interest 
in  electrical  applications  and  familiarizes  laymen  with  the  use  of 
devices  that  otherwise  would  probably  not  be  brought  to  their 
attention.  It  exploits  the  latest  application  of  electric  motor  drive 
for  every  conceivable  process  and  gives  practical  working  demon- 
strations of  all  the  latest  electrical  and  allied  appliances. 

In  the  vicinity  ot  New  York  there  are  many  hundreds  of  manufacturers  who 
are  alert  to  discover  new  methods  for  increasing  production.  Merchants  are 
looking  for  novel  methods  of  illumination  and  electric  light  advertising;  owners 
of  hotels,  apartments  and  private  houses  are  always  interested  in  appliances  that 
will  add  to  cleanliness  and  comfort. 

The  Electrical  Show,  fostered  by  the  lighting  interests  of  the 
Greater  City  and  its  environs,  is  held  for  the  purpose  of  bringing 
together  under  one  root  all  of  the  apparatus  and  appliances  that  will 
interest  not  only  the  class  of  people  enumerated,  but  those  in  all 
walks  of  life.  It  is  educational  in  character,  and  promotes  the  in- 
creased use  of  electricity  for  all  purposes. 

It  must  be  acknowledged  that,  although  descriptive  material  is  of 
great  value,  a  practical  demonstration  or  working  exhibit  of  machin- 
ery produces  a  far  greater  impression  on  the  general  public. 


The  Third  Annual 
New  York  Electrical  Show 
will  be  held  at 
Madison  Square  Garden 
October  t  i  th  to  21st,  1909 


153 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


MUNICIPAL  SIGNAL  SYSTEMS 


In  1839  there  appeared  in  an  article  by  Dr. 
W.  F.  Channing,  in  a  Boston  newspaper,  the  first 
suggestion  for  the  use  of  the  Electric  Telegraph 
as  a  Fire  Alarm. 

Eleven  years  later,  in  1851,  the  Boston  City 
Council  made  an  appropriation  of  $10,000.00  to 
allow  Dr.  Channing  t )  install  his  proposed  Fire 
Alarm  system  in  that  city.  Dr.  Channing  secured 
the  assistance  of  Moses  G.  Farmer,  who  was  a 
mechanic  of  great  skill  and  ingenuity,  and  an  in- 
ventor of  note  in  other  lines. 

The  Boston  installation  was  a  success  from 
the  start,  and  soon  demonstrated  its  great  value 
in  the  reduction  of  losses  by  fire. 

In  1855,  John  M.  Gamewell.  of  South  Carolina, 
purchased  from  Messrs.  Channing  and  Farmer 
the  right  to  use  their  inventions  in  the  South,  and 
soon  afterward,  acquired  them  for  the  entire  coun- 
try. 

Mr.  Gamewell  secured  contracts  in  New  Or- 
leans and  S*.  Louis  before  1861. 

During  the  Civil  War,  there  was  nothing  done, 
Mr.  Gamewell  having  entered  the  service  of  the 
Confederacy. 

Soon  after  the  restoration  of  peace,  Mr.  Game- 
well  took  up  the  wor'.v  again,  and  first,  iby  Game- 
well  &  Company,  and  afterwards,  by  the  Gamewell 
Fire  Alarm  Telegraph  Co.,  the  business  has  been 
developed  to  such  an  extent  that  there  are  today 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  over  i.joo  cities 
and  towns  having  fire  alarm  telegraph  systems. 

During  the  past  fifty  years,  apparatus  has  been 
improved  and  specialized  to  such  an  extent  that 
every  requirement  for  accuracy  and  reliability 
nas  been  fully  met,  although  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciples of  the  system  are  the  same  as  were  first 
shown  in  the  original  Channin 
sf  allation. 

There  have  been  about  twenty-five  different 
Fire   Alarm    Companies   in   the   field,   at  various 


times  during  the  past  fifty  years,  but  in  spite  of 
constant  and  active  competition  the  Gamewell 
Company  has  installed  over  95  per  cent  of  the 
municipal  Fire  Alarm  and  Police  Telegraph  Sys- 
tems in  the  United  States. 

The  Company  has  also  installed  its  apparatus 
in  Cuba,  Hawaii,  Manila,  and  on  the  line  of  the 
Panama  Canal,  and  has  taken  many  contracts  in 
Great  Britain,  Sweden  &  Norway,  Germany,  Rus- 
sia, South  Africa  and  South  America.  Important 
branches  of  the  Company's  business  are  the  installation 
of  private  fire  alarm  stations  in  large  isolated  in- 
dustrial plants,  and  in  public  institutions,  and  its  sys- 
tem for  connecting  the  interior  of  buildings  directly 
and  instantly  with  Fire  Departments,  through  its 
Auxiliary  Fire  Alarm  Stations. 

The  Auxiliary  Fire  Alarm  Service  is  estab- 
lished in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Detroit,  Cleveland, 
and  many  other  cities,  to  a  very  large  extent, 
and  almost  daily  instances  of  its  great  value  in 
saving  life  and  property  are  added  to  its  record. 

The  Gamewell  Company  is  a  New  York  cor- 
poration; its  factory  is  in  Massachusetts  and  is 
the  only  large  establishment  in  the  world  devoted 
exclusively  to  the  manufacture  of  fire  and  police 
emergency  signaling  apparatus. 

The  Company  has  many  agencies  in  the  United 
States  and  foreign  countries. 

The  General  Offices  are  at  19  Barclay  Street, 
New  York. 

The  Executive  Officials  are. 

J.  W.  STOVER, 

President. 

WILLIAM  GELLATLY, 

General  Manager. 

W.  W.  BOWES, 

Treasurer  and 
C.  W.  CORNELL, 

Secretary. 


'54 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELKHRATION 


Pathe's  Famous  Films  d'Art 


Motion  pictures  every  one  knows  about. 
"Films  d'Art"  may  be  a  term  not  so 
familiar.  It  is  a  term  used  by  the 
widely  known  house  of  Pathe  Freres 
to  designate  the  highest  achievement 
in    motion    picture    drama.  Although 


recognized  the  world  over  as  leaders  in  the  pro- 
duction of  motion  pictures,  Pathe  Freres  realized 
the  necessity  of  making  even  better  pictures.  Technic- 
ally there  was  little  chance  for  improvement — their 
pictures  were  perfect,  or  as  nearly  so  as  human  skill 
and  experience  could  make  them.  It  was  only  in  the 
character  of  the  subjects  that  advancement  could  be 
made.  As  Pathe  had  always  led  the  way  in  making 
pictures  it  was  clearly  their  duty  to  point  out  the  new 
field  of  endeavor,  if  the  traditions  of  the  house  were 
to  be  maintained. 

The  approach  of  the  motion  picture  drama  to  the 
dr?ma  of  the  stage  suggested  the  employment  of  those 
factors  which  have  developed  the  latter  to  its  high  posi  - 
tion in  the  amusement  world.  In  France  where  art 
is  superior  to  all  other  considerations,  it  was  possible 
to  obtain  the  best  writers  and  the  most  prominent 
actors  of  the  day  to  lend  their  services  for  the  im- 
provement of  motion  pictures — but  another  form  of 
dramatic  expression.  Thus  it  happened  that  Pathe 
Freres  were  enabled  to  produce  their  "Films  d'Art," 
which  have  fairly  revolutionized  the  art  of  motion 
picture  making. 


Among  the  many  celebrated  artists  who  have  as- 
sisted in  the  posing  of  Pathe  Films  d'Art  will  be  found 
M.  Krause,  leading  man  to  M.  Sarah  Bernhardt ;  Mm. 
Le  Bargy,  Albert  Lambert,  M.  Ravet,  Delanny  and 
Mounet-Sully,  and  Mme.  Aime  Tessandier,  Mme. 
Bartet,  of  the  Comedie  Francais;  M.  Marennes  of  the 
Theatre  Rejane;  Mme.  Cecil  Sorel  of  the  Academie 
Francais ;  M.  Mosnier  of  l'Odeon ;  all  of  whom  are 
popular  Parisian  favorites.  M.  Severin,  who  is  famil- 
iar to  New  York  audiences,  has  also  appeared  in 
Pathe  pictures. 

No  less  distinguished  are  the  authors  who  have 
written  and  adapted  subjects  for  Pathe  Freres. 
Among  these  may  be  mentioned  Victorien  Sardou, 
whose  "La  Tosca"  in  pictures  have  proved  the  cause 
of  wonder  and  admiration  unbounded,  and  has 
crowded  the  picture  theatres  of  the  world  to  their 
capacity.  Then  there  is  Julius  Lemaitre,  Edmund 
Gueroult,  Henri  Levedan,  Jules  Mary,  and  Jules 
Sandeau,  of  the  Academie  Francais ;  men  whose 
compositions  have  achieved  success  on  the  comedy 
and  dramatic  stage  of  France,  and  of  the  world. 

There  is  much  to  be  said  about  the  wonderful  pho- 
tography of  the  Pathe  pictures  and  still  more  of  the 
consummate  art  of  the  talented  men  and  women  who 
have  posed  for  them,  but  the  best  testimonial  to  their 
excellence  is  the  crowded  theatres,  filled  with  people 
who  find  in  the  "silent  drama"  of  Pathe  Freres  all 
the  charm  and  thrill  and  action  which  their  desire  for 
diversion  craves. 


PATHE  FRERES 

Largest  Manufacturers  of  Moving  Pictures 

The  PATHE  PROFESSIONAL  MACHINE  is 

unquestionably  the  best  and  most  complete  machine 
on  the  American  market.  It  is  absolutely  free  from 
vibration  and  doubles  the  pleasure  of  looking  at  a 
moving  picture. 

Studios  and  factory  in  Paris*  France.     Branch  offices 
in  all  the  principal  cities  of  the  world. 


AMERICAN  OFFICES. 


NEW  YORK 
41  W.  25tH  St. 


CHICAGO 
35  Randolph  St. 


NEW  ORLEANS 
813  Union  St. 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


STEINWAY 

is  to-day  the  only  high-grade  piano  in  the 
United  States  which  is  made  and  controlled 
by  the  direct  descendants  of  its  original 
founder. 

t|  All  the  rest  have  been  forced  to  seek  the 
alliance  or  amalgamation  with  manufacturers 
of  cheap  commercial  pianos. 

^  Thus  time-honored  names  have  become 
mere  trade-marks,  lacking  every  vestige  of 
individuality. 

^  Able  to  pursue  its  lofty  ideals  unfettered 
by  commercial  exigencies,  the  house  of 
Steinway  has  exerted  all  its  energies  in  but 
one  direction,  with  the  flattering  result  that  to- 
day the  Steinway  is  proclaimed  everywhere— 

THE  STANDARD  PIANO 
OF  THE  WORLD 


156  « 


HUDSOX-FULTOX  CELFRRATK  )N 


Ue££vus" 

Something  New 
in  Films! 

Chromatic 
Balance 

— a  Feature  of 

The^NSCtfFimi 

Notice  the  deep  tone  of  the  hair  (brown),  the  lighter  tone  of  the 
carnation  (red),  the  green  fern  and  up  through  each  tone  to  the  white 
of  the  lilacs. 

To  this  Chromatic  Balance  in  the  Ansco  Film  is  due  the  faithful 
portrayal  of  the  "color  ratio"  as  found  in  nature  and  which  is  for  the 
first  time  possible  without  special  apparatus  for  orthochromatic  work. 

Latitude,  another  distinguishing  feature  of  the  Ansco  Film,  permits 
an  unusually  wide  range  of  exposure,  and  at  the  same  time  minimizes 
unsuccessful  results. 

This  film  is  of  the  highest  type  possible — so  easily  manipulated, 
so  universal  in  its  application,  so  free  from  defects  and  imperfections 
that  it  is  fast  becoming  the  choice  of  the  knowing  amateur.  They  fit 
any  camera;  exposure  numbers  always  register;  non-curling. 


Yours  lor  the  Asking 

A  complete  photographic  library,  in 
two  volumes,  teaching  the  art  of  making 
prize- winning  pictures.   Write  for  it. 


Independent  dealers  everywhere  carry  a  fall  line  of 
Ansco  Film,  Cyko  Paper,  and  pure,  carefully  prepared 
photographic  chemicals.  If  other  dealers  will  not  supply 
you,  do  not  blame  them.  An  agreement  with  their 
manufacturer  forbids  them.    Look  for  the  Ansco  s'gn. 


Ansco  Company 

Ringtiamton,  >».  Y. 


1 57 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 

The  History  of  the  Leather  Trade. 


The  leather  trade  of  the  City  of  New 
York  had  its  origin  some  250  years  ago, 
when  a  few  small  tanners  were  grouped  to- 
gether in  the  little  town  of  New  Amsterdam. 
Besides  tanning  and  selling  their  leather 
they  often  made  and  cobbled  shoes,  for  in 
those  times  it  required  almost  two  years  to 
make  leather  and  the  tanner  had  leisure  to 
do  some  shoemaking  while  his  product  ma- 
tured in  the  yards. 

After  New  Amsterdam  had  become  an 
English  town  and  named  New  York  an  or- 
dinance was  passed  banishing  the  tanners 
from  the  city  limits.  They  found  an  asylum 
in  the  kindly  wilds  of  the  Beekman  Swamp, 
then  a  marshy  tract  running  in  from  the  East 
River,  and  in  those  days  quite  remote  from 
the  city  itself.  Here  unmolested  they  tanned 
and  sold  leather  until  the  early  part  of  the 
last  Century,  when  we  find  the  tanneries 
gone  to  the  woods,  their  places  taken  by 
warehouses,  many  of  which  are  still  standing, 
old  fashioned  and  dignified,  and  a  trade  es- 
tablished which  had  already  secured  a  high 
reputation  in  the  community  for  character 
and  financial  standing. 

Residing  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
their  places  of  business,  and  being  few  in 


number,  their  close  business  relations  were 
strengthened  by  social  and  personal  ties, 
which,  in  spite  of  the  many  changes  which 
took  place,  as  a  result  of  the  growth  of  the 
city,  have  always  characterized  leather  mer- 
chants of  the  Swamp.  It  was  a  common  thing 
to  see,  in  dull,  warm  summer  afternoons, 

prominent  members  of  the  trade  seated  out 
in  front  of  their  stores,  gossiping  with  their 
neighbors  in  a  friendly  way. 

As  time  progressed,  the  business  devel- 
oped with  the  growth  of  the  city  and  coun- 
try, individual  firms  became  larger,  but  the 
same  characteristics,  as  regards  conservatism 
and  financial  solidity,  and  also  the  same 
friendly  and  social  disposition  among  its 
members,  were  retained. 

When  in  pursuance  of  a  law  of  business 
evolution,  the  era  arrived  for  trade  com- 
binations and  the  formation  of  large  indus- 
trial corporations,  nothing  was  more  natur- 
al than  that  leather  houses  in  the  Swamp, 
located  as  they  were  in  close  proximity  and 
on  friendly  terms  with  each  other,  should 
form  themselves  into  a  corporation  for  the 
more  efficient  and  economical  conduct  of  the 
business  which  they  had  in  common.  Thus 
in  1893  the  United  States  Leather  Company 
was  organized,  composed  of  the  principal 
firms  in  the  leather  trade  of  the  City  of  New 
York.    In  this  enterprise  was  joined,  also,  a 

8 


HUDSOX-FULTC 
few  large  tanners  located  at  Boston  and  in 
other  parts  of  the  country. 

A  few  years  later,  the  American  Hide  & 
Leather  Company  was  formed  in  a  somewhat 
similar  manner,  their  business  being  almost 
wholly  concerned  with  the  manufacture  of 
Upper  Leather,  while  the  United  States 
Leather  Company  occupies  itself  principally 
in  the  manufacture  of  Sole  Leather. 

Naturally,  the  organization  of  these  two 
large  corporations  caused  great  changes  in 
the  general  features  of  the  Swamp.  Some 
of  those  who  had  been  there  actively  en- 
gaged in  business  retired,  and  their  faces  are 
no  longer  to  be  seen  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Gold  and  Ferry  Streets.  Many,  by  reason 
of  the  formation  of  these  corporations,  were 
brought  into  closer  business  and  friendly 
relations  than  had  existed  before,  but  the  old 
firm  names  which  have  existed  for  so  many 
years,  disappeared.  There  still  remain,  how- 
ever, in  the  Swamp,  in  addition  to  these  cor- 
porations, firms  which  existed  prior  to  their 
formation  and  which  still  continue  and  are 
held  in  high  repute.  Prominent  among  these 
is  Charles  A  Schieren  &  Company,  a  firm  en- 
gaged in  the  manufacture  of  leather  belting, 
which  has  had  an  existence  for  something 
like  forty  years,  and  which  is  now  housed  in 
a  large  and  imposing  building  recently 
erected  by  the  senior  member  of  the  firm,  ? 
man  noted  for  his  public  spirit  and  bene- 
factions. 

Richard  Young  &  Company  is  also  a 
well  known  and  prominent  firm  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  the  lighter  leathers,  the 
senior  member  of  which  has  been  recently 
elected  to  Congress  and  rendered  active  and 
efficient  service  in  securing  the  removal  of 
the  duty  on  hides  in  the  Tariff  Bill  recently 
passed  by  Congress. 

Also  represented  in  the  Swamp  at  the 


CELEBRATION 
present  time  is  the  large  house  of  Pfister, 
Vogel  &  Company  of  Milwaukee,  one  of  the 
most  important  and  most  highly  esteemed 
firms  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  leather 
in  the  United  States. 

The  United  States  Leather  Company 
and  the  Central  Leather  Company,  which  are 
practically  identical,  recently  removed  its 
offices,  in  order  to  acquire  more  space,  to 
their  present  commodious  quarters  on  John 
Street,  but  a  few  steps  away  from  its  ware- 
houses which  still  remain  in  the  "Swamp." 
It  is  expected  that  the  business  of  this  large 
corporation,  as  well  as  that  of  the  others 
similarly  engaged  in  the  tanning  business, 
will  be  greatly  benefited  by  the  removal  of 
the  duty  on  hides,  their  raw  material,  which 
duty  they  have  felt  as  a  great  burden  upon 
their  industry  during  the  past  twelve  years. 
Consequently,  there  is  at  present  to  be  obser- 
ved in  the  "Swamp,"  and  in  fact,  in  the 
leather  industry  throughout  the  country,  a 
distinct  feeling  of  hopefulness  as  to  the  fu- 
ture. The  leather  trade  has  felt  that  it  has 
not  received  a  full  share  of  the  prosperity 
which  has  prevailed  in  general  during  the 
past  ten  years,  and  this  is  attributed  to  the 
handicap  of  the  duty  on  their  raw  material. 
It  is  figured  that  the  profits  in  the  leather 
business  have  averaged  distinctly  lower  dur- 
ing that  period  than  during  any  previous 
period  in  its  history,  notwithstanding  the 
great  improvement  in  the  process  of  manufac- 
ture which  has  been  made  in  recent  years. 
With  the  removal  of  the  duty  on  hides,  it  is 
fully  expected  that  this  industry  will  again 
come  to  its  own  and  take  its  place  alongside 
other  leading  and  staple  industries  in  earn- 
ing capacity.  In  short.,  it  is  felt  that  with 
the  celebration  of  the  Hudson-Fulton  Cen- 
tennial there  is  opened  up  to  the  leather 
trade  a  new  era  of  prosperity. 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


OSCAR  SCHERER  &  BRO. 


HE  HISTORY  of  this  house  from  its  infancy  to  the 


present  day,  has  been  one  of  unequalled  progress 


and  success.  It  was  founded  in  1840,  by  Charles 
Hauselt.  The  business,  which  was  then  carried  on  in  a  very 
primitive  manner,  under  judicious  and  careful  management 
grew  steadily,  gradually  attaining  an  important  position 
in  the  leather  trade. 

In  1890  Charles  Hauselt  died  and  the  business  was  con- 
tinued by  his  nephews,  Oscar  Scherer  and  Charles  E.  Hauselt, 
until  1898,  when  the  latter  retired  and  the  firm  name  was 
changed  to  its  present  style,  Oscar  Scherer  and  his  brother, 
A.  G.  Scherer,  constituting  the  new  firm.  Success  now 
became  almost  proverbial  and  today  the  house  stands  in  the 
foremost  ranks  of  the  leather  industry,  sending  its  products 
to  all  the  principal  markets  of  the  globe.  Their  world- 
famed  "Flower  City  Kid"  is  the  ne  plus  ultra  of  perfection 
and  is  being  cut  by  the  elite  of  the  shoe  manufacturers  here 
and  abroad.  It  is  synonymous  with  comfort,  refinement 
and  durability,  to  which  the  gentler  sex  will  readily  testify, 
Scherer's  colored  glazed  Kids  having  won  special  favor  as 
they  match  the  most  delicate  shades  of  feminine  attire.  The 
house  operates  a  factory  in  Newark,  N.  J.  and  salesrooms 
at  29  Spruce  Street,  New  York  City.  The  latter  are  under 
the  direct  supervision  of  Mr.  Oscar  Scherer  who  also  looks 
after  the  finances  of  the  business.  The  manufacturing  end 
is  under  the  management  of  A.  G.  Scherer.  Both  factory 
and  store  are  equipped  in  a  modern  and  up-to-date  fashion. 


Leather 


29    SPRUCE  STREET 


160 


HUDSOX-FL'LTON  CELEBRATION 


FEENEY  AND  MOSS,  Inc. 

Among  the  best  known  leather  houses  in  the  city  is  that  of  Feeney  and 
Moss.  Inc.,  which  has  in  a  remarkably  short  time  become  one  of  the  leading  and 
largest  establishments  in  its  line  in  the  United  States. 

The  business  was  started  in  1900  by  William  L.  Feeney  and  James 
Moss,  who  decided  to  make  a  specialty  of  Scoured  Oak  Jumbos  and  to  deal 
exclusively  with  leather  and  finding  dealers  and  the  manufacturers  of  fine  shoes. 

The  business  grew  to  such  proportions  that  the  original  members  of  the 
firm  decided  to  incorporate  and  this  was  done  in  January,  1909,  Mr.  Feeney 
becoming  president  and  Mr.  Moss,  secretary  and  treasurer.  Both  Mr.  Feeney 
and  Mr.  Moss  are  New  Yorkers  and  have  spent  their  entire  business 
lives  in  the  leather  trade,  acquiring  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  business  that 
has  been  of  great  value  in  securing  the  best  goods  available  and  giving  to  their 
customers  the  lowest  prices  consistent  with  the  best  values. 

To  this  knowledge  add  the  courteous  and  fair  treatment  given  every  pur- 
chaser and  you  have  the  secret  of  the  heeney  &  Moss  Co.'s  success — a  success 
that  has  brought  the  house  prominence  in  mercantile  circles  beyond  the  con- 
fines of  the  leather  line. 


WM.  L.  FEENEY 
President 


JAMES  MOSS 
Sect.  &  Treas. 


FEENEY  &  MOSS 

INCORPORATED 

LEATHER 


SOLE  CUTTERS 

OUR  ^PFPIAITV"  SCOURED  AND  TEXAS  OAK  BACKS.  BLOCKS  AND 
ULJIV  Ki\#W»«J  A  I  •     SQUARES  CUT  FROM  BEST  STANDARD  TANNAGES 

Sample  Orders  Solicited 


84  &  86  Gold  Street  New  York 

Telephone  309  Beekman 


161 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


NATURE  GAVE  US 

the  uncertain  winds 
which  we  utilized  as 
a  means  of  aquatic 
transportation  until 
we  fully  realized  the 
superiority  of  steam. 
Nature  also  provides 
cattle,    with  hides 
from  which  we  make 
leather,  but  that  too 
is   being  rapidly 
superseded  by 

GENUINE 


aft***0* 

the  original  leather 
substitute,  ideal  for 
furniture  upholstery, 
automobile  tops, 
sportsmen's  clothing 
and  numerous  other 


THE  PANTASOTE 
COMPANY 

I  I  Broadway     New  York  USeS.         BeWare  of 

imitations.  :: 


1 62 


I1UI)S(  >X-IT'LT(  ).\   CKLEBR  VTII  IN 


ROUGH  * f> 0      f  ffmWfM^W^? 

If  IMPORTERS 


Manufacturers  and  Jobbers  of 

FANCY  LEATHER 

IN  COWHIDE,  CALF,  GOAT,  SHEEP, 
SPLITS,  &c. 

Correspondence  Solicited. 

84  &  86  Gold  St.,  New  York 


PROGRESS 

,  Mt  Brass  Fitting  Co. 


MANUFACTURERS 


Gas  &  Electric  Fittings 

Turned  Brass  Goods 
&  Novelties 


Telephone:    5963  SPRING 
175  GRAND  ST.,  NEW  YORK 


ESTABLISHED  1876 


INCORPORATED  1895 


EST EY  WIRE  WORKS  CO. 

59  FULTON  STREET,  NEW  YORK 

Manufacturers  of 

EVERYTHING    IN   WIRE  CLOTH 

Double  Crimp  Wire  Cloth  and  Wire  Screening  for 
all  purposes  of  Steel,  Iron, 
Brass,  Copper,  Bronze,  Gal- 
vanized and  Tinned  Wire,  etc. 

There  is  no  kind  of  Wire 
loth  required  in  the  produc  tion 
of  any  machine  or  manufactured  ^ 
article  that  we  do  not  make. 


5  MESH 

WIRE  WORK 

In  Brass,  Bronze,  Steel  and  Iron  Wire.  For  Bank, 
Office  and  Counter  Railing;,  Store  Fronts,  Window 
Guards. 

ELEVATOR     ENCLOSURES.     FOLDINC     CATES     AND    WINE    BOTTLE  RACKS 


163 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Transportation  &  Shipbuilding 


The  question  of  transportation  in  a  city  of  New  York's  mag- 
nitude and  topographical  situation  presents  many  difficulties.  When 
it  is  considered  that  a  large  percentage  of  its  population  must  be 
carried  to  far-away  residential  sections  and  beyond  the  confines  of 
Manhattan  Island  and  that  the  transfer  of  freight  is  done  almost 
entirely  by  barges  and  lighters,  the  task  seems  stupendous.  Recent 
figures  showed  that  60.83  per  cent  of  the  total  imports  and  34.56 
of  the  total  foreign  trade  of  the  United  States  passed  through  New 
\  ork  City,  and  this,  coupled  with  the  handling  of  local  freights, 
makes  a  total  tonnage  that  is  simply  amazing,  yet  the  railroads, 
ocean  steamships,  canals  and  coastwise  steamers  handled  the  im- 
mense amount  of  goods  of  every  description  with  little  effort  and 
no  apparent  congestion. 

The  many  lines  of  railroad  centering  here,  the  superb  harbor 
facilities  and  the  barge  canals  that  reach  the  Western  territory  by 
way  of  the  Great  Lakes  greatly  simplify  what  would  otherwise  be 
a  herculean  task  and  reduces  the  difficulty  of  freight  transportation 
to  a  minimum. 

The  question  of  passenger  transportation  presents  more  obsta- 
cles. The  financial,  light  manufacturing  and  mercantile  interests 
of  New  York  City  occupy  almost  the  entire  area  of  Manhattan 
Island,  and  a  large  percentage  of  the  working  and  purchasing  classes 
must  of  necessity  ride  to  and  from  their  homes. 

The  limit  of  surface  transportation  by  horse  power  was  reached 
over  thirty  years  ago,  and  the  only  known  method,  at  that  time,  of 
relieving  travel  congestion — the  elevated  roads — was  resorted  to, 
the  Ninth  Avenue,  the  Sixth,  the  Third  and  Second  following  each 
ether  in  quick  succession.  These  were  eventually  carried  beyond 
the  Harlem  River  and  served  their  purpose  for  a  few  years,  when 
it  was  seen  that  other  means  must  be  provided  to  meet  the  largely 
increasing  population.  Changes  to  the  cable  system  on  the  surface 
roads  were  made  in  1888  and  to  the  trolley  system  in  1898,  but 


164 


HUDSOX-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


still  the  service  was  inadequate  and  the  need  of  greater  facilities 
became  pressing.  In  1900  a  contract  for  the  subway  was  awarded 
by  a  commission  appointed  for  that  purpose,  and  work  was  com- 
menced the  same  year.  Four  years  later  Manhattan  Island  was 
traversed  its  entire  length  by  an  underground  road  which  up  to  that 
period  had  cost  $40,000,000.  The  subway  was  later  extended  un- 
der the  East  River  and  through  Brooklyn.  The  greater  portion  of 
this  wonderful  tube  contains  four  tracks,  and  future  increase  in 
population  is  thus  provided  for. 

Numerous  ferries  to  Brooklyn,  Jersey  City,  Hoboken,  Wee 
hawken,  Staten  Island  and  Fort  Lee  help  greatly  in  relieving  travel 
congestion,  while  the  Hudson  Tunnels  recently  completed  are  among 
the  greatest  factors  in  passenger  transportation  yet  conceived,  and 
when  the  tunnels,  etc.,  are  finally  completed,  will  have  cost  between 
Sixty-five  and  Seventy  Million  Dollars.  The  tunnels  now  connect 
jersey  City  and  Hoboken  with  New  York.  Stations  are  now 
located  at  Church  and  Fulton  Streets,  Christopher  Street  and  Ninth 
Avenue,  and  Sixth  Avenue  at  Ninth,  Fourteenth,  Nineteenth  and 
Twenty-third  Streets,  and  work  is  now  being  pushed  to  the  great 
Terminal,  at  Grand  Central  Station  and  Park  Avenue.  The 
various  railroads  running  to  suburban  points  also  help  wonderfully, 
and  with  the  completion  of  the  Pennsylvania  system  to  Thirty-third 
Street,  through  the  city  and  to  Long  Island,  there  will  be  an  influx 
of  population  to  nearby  stations  on  that  line  that  will  greatly  relieve 
interurban  congestion. 

With  the  demand  for  river  and  coastwise  steamers,  barges  and 
lighters  and  ferryboats  for  the  carrying  of  freight  and  passengers, 
it  naturally  followed  that  shipbuilding  should  become  an  important 
industry  of  the  port,  and  on  the  rivers  near  the  city  and  those  of 
adjoining  localities,  many  builders  of  water  craft  are  located.  These 
are  situated  on  Manhattan  Island  and  Brooklyn  and  at  Hoboken. 
and  all  manner  of  river  and  ocean  craft,  steam  and  sailing  yachts, 
electric  launches  and  motor  boats  are  built,  the  character  of  the 
work  turned  out  being  recognized  as  the  very  best  in  the  entire 
country. 


165 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


HUDSON- FULTON  CELEBRATION 


New  York  Dock  Company 

Office  :     1  0  Bridge  Street 

NEW  YORK  CITY 

TELEPHONE  CALL:    213D  BROAD 

Warehouses,  Docks,  Elevators, 
Yards,  Bonded  and  Free  Stores, 
Covered     and    Open  Piers. 

CABLE  ADDRESS:  "Yorkdock,"  New  York 

Two  and  three-fourth  miles  on  the  Brooklyn 
water  front. 

Special  facilities  for  the  storage  of  merchan- 
dise of  all  descriptions. 

Exceptional  wharf  accommodations  for  all  classes 
of  vessels  and  cargoes. 

Railroad  Tracks  connecting  Piers  and  Ware- 
houses 

Brooklyn  Termini   for  the  various  Railroads 
entering  New  York. 


167 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


OLD    DOMINION  LINE 

DELIGHTFUL  SHORT  SEA  TRIPS  TO 
OLD  POINT  COMFORT,   NORFOLK,   RICHMOND  OR  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 
AFFORDING  PLEASURE  AND  REST 


Round  trip  tickets, 
including  meals  and 
stateroom  berth  on 
Old  Dominion 
Steamers, 

NEW  YORK 

TO 

NORFOLK 

OR 

OLD  POINT 
COMFORT 

AND  RETURN 

$!4.00 


Round  trip  tickets, 
including  meals  and 
stateroom  berth  on 
Old  Dominion 
Steamers, 

NEW  YORK 

Tf) 

RICHMOND 

OR 

WASHINGTON, 
D.  C. 

AND  RETURN 

$15.00 


THE  ONLY  DIRECT  LINE  TO  OLD  POINT  COMFORT  AND  NORFOLK  WITHOUT  CHANGE 

Steamers  arc  all  equipped  with  the  United  Wireless  Telegraph  System 
STEAMERS  SAIL  EVERY   WEEKDAY  AT  3  P.  M. 

Tickets  and  Stateroom  Reservations,  Pier  26,  North  River,  Foot  of  Beach  Street,  New  York 
SEND  FOR  ILLUSTRATED  PAMPHLET,  Desk  "V" 
W.  L.  WOODROW,  Traffic  Manager  J.  J.  BROWN,  Ceneral  Passenger  Agent 

Ceneral  Offices,  81-85  Beach  Street,  New  York 


Established    1860  Incorporated  1905 

TUGS    SCOWS   LIGHTERS    BARGES  DERRICKS 


Moran  Towing  &  Transportation  Co, 

!7  BATTERY  PLACE,  NEW  YORK  CITY 


Steam  Ashes  Garden  Loom,  Top 
Soil,  White    Beach  Sand 
and  Gravel  Furnished 


Contractors    for    the  Disposition 
of   Ashes,    Dirt,  Stone 
and  Fire  Refuse 


TOWING  AND  TRANSPORTATION 


Telephones 

4520,  4521,4522  Rector 


Night  Telephones 
859  Hamilton,  1899  South 


Eugene  F.  Moran,  President 


Joseph  H.  Moran,  Secretary 


168 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION' 


Tietjen  &  Lang  Dry  Dock  Co. 


HOBOKEN,  N.  J. 


NINE  DRY  DOCKS 

600,  800,  1,000,  1,200,  1,400,   1,800,  2,000,  6,000,  10,000  TONS 


GENERAL  REPAIRS  ON 


WOODEN  AND   IRON  VESSELS 

17th  STREET  &  PARK  AVENUE 

Telephone  700  Hoboken.  HOBOKEN,  N.  J. 


TELEPHONE 
CONNECTION 


ESTABLISHED  18(53 
CALVIN  ANDERSON,  Pres  dent 
ANDREW  A.  BOUKER.  Treasurer 
SAM'L  E.  BOUKER.  Vice- Pres.  &  Gen.  Mgr. 

Bouker 
Contracting 
Company 


21-24  STATE  ST.      NEW  YORK 


FREIGHTING  AND  SCOWS 
FOR  CHARTER. 


Rubble,  Rip  Rap  Building  and 
Derrick  Stone. 


Telford  and  Machine  Crushed 
Stone. 


Earth  Filling,  Steam  Ashes  and 
Top  Soil. 


DUMPS  AT 
EAST  14TH  STREET, 
EAST  60TH  STREET, 
EAST  7 1  ST  STREET,  AND 
WEST  47TH  STREET. 


169 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


D.  A.  COBB,  Jr.,  President 


F.  A.  MURPHY,  Secretary 


The  Wright  &  Cobb  Lighterage  Co. 

PRODUCE  EXCHANGE  ANNEX 


Telephone    ^83?  Broad 


New  York 


This  company  is  one  of  the 
l.-.rgest  and  besl  equipped 
concerns  in  the  business.  They 
have  a  fleet  consisting  of  fifty 
barges  both  open  and  covered 
and  two  steam-lighters,  and 
are  prepared  to  handle  almost 
any  kind  of  freight  offered  on 
short  notice  for  delivery  to 
any  point  accessible  by  water 
i.i  New  York  Harbor,  Hudson 
River.  Long  Island  Sound  and 
the  inland  waters  of  New  Jer- 
sey. The  lighterage  business 
ai  this  port  being  of  immen''.1 
proportions  the  requirements 
for  handling  with  prompter* 
and  despatch  is,  and  of  neces- 
sity should  be,  most  efficient. 
This  company  is  one  of  the 
best  engaged  in  their  line  and 
make  a  specialty  of  handling 
perishable  freight.  Mr.  Dan- 
iel A.  Cobb,  Jr..  President  of 
the  company,  and  Mr.  F.  A. 
Murphy,  Secretary,  have  an 
important  part  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  commerce  of  tne 
1'ort  through  the  efficient 
service  which  they  render,  an  1 
they  have  extended  their  fa- 
cilities to  meet  the  growing 
demands   of   the  business. 


Morse  Dry  Dock  & 
Repair  Co. 


Foot  55th  to  58th  Sts. 

BROOKLYN,  N.  Y. 


Every  facility  for  executing 
Repairs  promptly  and  reason- 
ably. 


Capacity  No.  1  Dry  Dock 
15,000  Tons. 


Cable  Address:  PYROSISON,  N.  Y. 


170 


II I* DSO X - FU LTOX  CK1  .E \\ RATIO X 


Taylor  Dredging  Co. 

21-24  State  Street  New  York 

CONTRACTORS 

RIVER  AND  HARBOR  IMPROVEMENTS 


Arthur  E.  Sandford,  Pres.        Clarence  T.  Snyder,  Vice-Pres.         Harry  B.  James,  Sec  &  Treas. 

Telephone;  Cortland  8240 


Interstate  Lighterage 

and 

Transportation  Company 


143  Liberty  Street 
New  York 

TOWING  BOATS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION 

TRANSPORTATION  TUGS 

GENERAL  LIGHTERAGE  LIGHTERS 

DIVING  A  SPECIALTY  BARGES 

Heavy  Hoisting'  DerricKs  with  Capacity  of  GO  Tons 


171 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Telephone  5480,  5481  Broad 
Robert  McCreery 


JOHN  McCREERY'S  SON 

Room  427 

Produce  Exch.  New  York 


LIGHTERS 


and 


BARGES 


THE  SIMMONS  TRANSPORTATION  CO. 

Harbor,  River  and  Sound  Transportation 

15  WILLIAM  STREET 

Telephones:    6627-6628  Broad  NEW  YORK 


TELEPHONE  CALL  :   5600  BROAD 

John    Pf.    Robins  Co. 


Erie   Basin  Dry  Docks, 

Ship  Yards, 
Engine  and  Boiler  Works 

telephonemcalln  Cabk  Address:    "Robin,"  15  Whitehall  Street, 

Erie  Basin  New  York,  Kemble  Building, 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  Scott's  and  Watkins  New  York 


STEAM  SHIP  REPAIRS  A  SPECIALTY 


172 


HUDSOX-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


ESTABLISHED  1840 

Henry  Du  Bois'  Sons  Company 

(SUCCESSORS  TO  HENRY  DU  BOIS'  SONS) 


DREDGING 


1  7  State  Street  New  York 

TELEPHONE  701  BROAD 


JAMES    SHEWAN  TELEPHONE   1900  ORCHARD 

JAMES    SHEWAN,   Jr.  CONNECTING  ALL 

EDWIN  A.  SHEWAN  DEPARTMENTS 

JAMES  SH  EWAN  &  SONS 


GENERAL   REPAIRS  IN   WOOD,  IRON  AND  STEEL 

Balance  Dry  Docks,  Machine  Shop,  Saw  Mill  and  Shipyards. 

Dock  No.  1,    700   Tons  Dock  No.  4,  2500  Tons 

Dock  No.  2,    800  Tons  Dock  No.  5,  5000  Tons 

Dock  No.  3,  3500   Tons  Dock  Nc.  6,  1000  Tons 


STANTON, 
TOMPKINS,  HOUSTON, 
THIRD  AND  FOURTH  STREETS. 
EAST  RIVER 


MAIN  OFFICE  FOOT  OF 
EAST   HOUSTON  STREET 

rVlCAV  YORK 


Brooklyn  Shipyards:  Foot  25th;  26th  &  27th  Sts.,  BROOKLYN,  N.Y. 


173 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Food  Products 


In  that  busy  section  of  lower  New  York, 
within  the  boundary  line  of  Beach  Street 
on  the  north,  Park  Place  on  the  south,  West 
Broadway  on  the  east  and  the  Hudson 
River  on  the  west,  a  very  considerable  share 
of  the  distribution  through  jobbing  channels 
of  the  necessaries  of  life  is  done  for  the  east- 
ern and  mid-western  sections  of  this  country. 
Scarcely  a  food  product  known  to  the 
epicure  or  the  toiler  in  the  field  of  business 
endeavor  but  what  is  handled  in  large  vol- 
ume by  the  distributers  in  the  section  indi" 
cated. 

All  the  staple  products,  like  flour,  cereal 
foods,  canned  goods,  dried  fruits,  salt  and 
other  cured  fish,  butter,  cheese,  eggs,  dried 
beans  and  every  known  description  of  green 
fruits,  are  put  into  the  channels  of  retail  dis- 
tribuation  through  the  medium  of  the  job- 
bing grocer.  This  trade  in  a  single  year — 
by  this  is  meant  the  distribution  through  the 
New  York  jobber — amounts  to  over  $100.- 
000,000.  The  capacity  of  the  combined 
activities  of  the  jobber  in  that  little  known 
(to  the  ordinary  New  Yorker,  at  least)  sec- 
tion of  the  city  covers  a  business  to  nearly 


125,000  retail  dealers,  and  millions  of  con- 
sumers every  year. 

This  field  of  activity  is  extending.  There 
is  a  growth  nurtured  and  encouraged  by  an 
army  of  salesmen  numbering,  according  to 
one  authority  here,  over  6,000  active,  hust- 
ling men.    This  force  of  activity  means  a 
competition    for   business    that   keeps  the 
wheels  oiled  and  the  great  modern  machine, 
called  merchandising,  in  motion  continuous- 
ly.   The  spirit  of  enterprise  is  everywhere 
observable.    Every  known  device  for  cheap" 
ening  the  cost  of  goods,  for  the  greater  con- 
venience of  handling,  and  for  the  quick  dis- 
patch of  orders  is  employed.     Nothing  is 
omitted  that  will  lead  to  an  increase  in  the 
volume  of  movement,  and  the  result  is  that 
in  less  than  a  generation  there  has  been  a 
growth  of  outlet  that  has  made  New  York 
the  principal  distributing  mart  of  the  United 
States. 

An  indication  that  the  business  men  who 
feed  the  epicures  and  the  toilers  recognize 
the  necessity  for  open,  if  keen,  methods  is 
shown  in  the  attitude  of  the  West  Side  mer- 
chant on  the  poor  food  question.    Instead  of 


HUDSON-FULTON 
opposing  or  obstructing  the  passage  of  the 

law  effective  last  January  the  leading  job- 
bers in  the  New  York  market  came  out 
strongly  in  its  favor.  Their  action  was  the 
moving  force  behind  the  introduction  of 
some  of  the  most  drastic  provisions  in  the 
law,  and,  if  the  truth  be  known,  the  food 
law  committee  of  the  New  York  Wholesale 
Grocers'  Association  has  had  considerable 
weight  in  influential  circles  anjong  the  food 
law  officials  in  Washington. 

Several  of  the  larger  jobbers  have  estab- 
lished manufacturing  plants  in  connection 
with  their  distributing  warehouses,  and  these 
thoroughly  equipped  and  modernized,  ena" 
ble  the  several  concerns  to  put  into  the  chan- 
nels of  trade  a  varied  assortment  of  package 
goods  and  preserves  at  considerably  smaller 
cost  than  obtained  before  their  introduction. 
Thousands  of  tons  of  jams,  gelatins,  fruits 
and  cereals  are  produced  annually  that  un- 
der ordinary  processes  of  manufacture  went 


CELEBRATION 

tc  the  consumer  at  from  25  per  cent  to  50 
per  cent  increase  in  cost.     This  immense 
business  has  been  of  general  growth.  Ten 
years  ago  the  jobber  was  a  power.    He  is 
today  an  influence  that  is  felt  in  every  ham- 
let from  Maine  to  Texas,  and  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  east  to  the  Atlantic  Coast. 
Less  than  40  years  ago  the  New  York  job- 
ber was  content  to  do  a  business  of  $  1 ,000,- 
000  per  year.    Today  there  are  individual 
jobbing  concerns  doing  a  gross  business  of 
over  $30,000,000  annually.    The  modern 
automobile  truck  is  displacing  the  horse- 
drawn  vehicles,  the  telephone  and  telegraph 
have  brought  within  a  few  minutes  sections 
of  production  and  consumption  that  30  years 
ago  were  remote  and  reached  by  the  tedious 
mail.    These  and  the  enterprise  of  college- 
bred  business  men,  combined  with  an  ac- 
curate study  of  conditions,  are  behind  the 
evolution  that  has  made  the  New  York  gro- 
cer a  millionaire,  and  a  force  of  vast  com- 
mercial strength. 


'75 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 

HECKER  MILL 


World's  Largest,  Most  Sanitary  Flour  and 

Cereal  Plant 


COST  $3,000,000.00 


is  of  the  quality  which  you  would 
expect  such  a  mill  to  produce. 
Over  sixty  years  Fleckers'  Flours 
have  been  the  highest  quality  that 
is  milled  in  the  world.  It  is  our 
policy  to  depend  upon  that  for  our 
business.  Quality  makes  more 
converts  for  us  than  all  other  fac- 
t  ors. 


176 


HUDSON-FULTOX  CELEBRATION 


EACH  grain  of  wheat  is  scoured  and  polished  by 
machinery  before  it  is  ground.  Think  of  it  !  Of 
course  it  must  make  clean  flour.  No  hand  touches 
the  product  from  the  time  it  leaves  the  fields  until  it  reaches 
your  kitchen.  Of  course  it  is  sanitary.  No  food  in  the 
world  is  cleaner  or  more  sanitary  than  Heckers*  products. 
Of  course  we  are  proud  of  them.  Naturally  we  want 
people  to  hear  of  our  great  mill  and  its  products. 

A  mill  like  Fleckers'  uses  millions  of  bushels  of  wheat 
selected  from  the  entire  country.  We  blend  the  wheat  from 
various  sections  to  maintain  Fleckers*  quality. 

In  one  department  we  bake  bread  and  cook  cereals  all 
day  long,  the  year  round,  testing  the  output  to  maintain  its 
uniformity.  One  expert  purchases  the  wheat  and  many 
experts  are  criticising  and  judging  his  purchases  in  the 
finished  products  all  the  time.  Such  system  cannot  fail  to 
produce  a  high  standard  like  Heckers\ 

HECKERS'  CREAM  FARINA 

Years  before  the  recent  breakfast 
food  craze  began,  Fleckers'  Cream 
Farina  was  being  sold  and  eaten  as  a 
breakfast  cereal  and  notwithstanding 
the  variety  and  forms  of  breakfast 
foods  which  have  been  advertised  ex- 
tensively, the  mill  has  been  making 
more  and  more  Cream  Farina. 

The  high  standard  adopted  and 
maintained  by  the  company  for  so 
many  years  is  showing  in  the  steady 
and  increasing  consumption  of  this 
splendid  cereal. 

It  is  bound  to  increase  in  popularity  because  it  gives 
a  great  amount  of  actual  food  value  for  the  money.  It 
is  made  of  the  best  part  of  the  wheat;  is  highly  steri- 
lized, all  food  and  no  waste. 


v — " 


>  Cream 


Farina 

HEW  VO« 


'77 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 

HECKERS'  CREAM  OATMEAL 

was  being  sold  in  packages  and  eaten 
for  breakfast  way  back  in  the  fifties. 
We  believe  it  is  the  oldest  package 
Oatmeal  upon  the  market  to-day. 
Four  generations  have  been  raised 
upon  Fleckers*  Cream  Oatmeal ; 
the  experience  gained  from  catering 
to  four  generations,  has  taught  us  how 
to  prepare  Oatmeal  the  way  it  is  liked 
best.  After  all  there  if  nothing  finer 
than  Oatmeal  properly  prepared. 

HECKER  PRODUCTS 

We  were  the  first  to  make  self-raising  flour.  Fleckers' 
Self  Raising  Flour  and  Fleckers'  Self  Raising  Buck- 
wheat are  the  standards  of  their  kind.  In  these  days  of 
haste  it  is  a  great  convenience  to  the  housewife  to  be  able  to 
do  away  with  the  drudgery  of  baking.  To  know  that  flour 
is  always  uniform,  is  to  know  how  to  bake  successfully 
without  a  great  deal  of  trouble  and  care.  Things  come  out 
right  every  time. 

Nothing  can  be  finer  for  a  change  than  Fleckers'  Old 
Homestead  Flap-Jack  Flour  and  Fleckers'  Corn  Meal. 
There  is  something  appetizing  in  the  names  and  they  are 
fust  as  good  as  they  look. 

We  have  the  finest  facilities,  we  have  the  longest  ex- 
perience and  we  have  every  reason  to  take  the  pride  we  do 
in  our  products. 

HECKER-JONES-JEWELL  MILLING  CO. 

PRODUCE  EXCHANGE,  NEW  YORK 

178 


HUDSON-FULTON 

HARRY 

Mr.  Harry  Balfe,  was  born  in  Newburg, 
N.  YM  in  1862,  and  is  today  one  of  the 
most  conspicuous  figures  in  the  wholesale 
grocery  trade  of  the  United  States.  For 
years  has  been  known  as  a  large  operator, 
having  been  connected  with  many  different 
enterprises,  all  associated  in  some  way  with 


HARRY  BALFE 


food  supplies.  He  was  selected  by  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  to  visit  Panama  and  go  over 
the  food  situation  on  the  Panama  Canal, 
the  proposition  involving  the  feeding  of 
some  40,000  employees.  He  was  also 
selected  by  Secretary  of  War  Taft  to  again 
visit  Panama,  and  accompanied  Secretary 


CELEBRATION 

BALFE 

Taft  to  Panama,  on  the  Secretary 
of  War's  last  visit. 

Mr.  Balfe  is  a  large  contractor  in  food 
supplies  with  the  different  National,  State 
and  City  Institutions,  and  was  awarded  the 
contract  at  Ellis  Island,  and  operated  the 
commissary  at  that  Government  station  for 
three  and  a  half  years,  feeding  over  one 
million  people  a  year.  His  work  at  Ellis 
Island  was  such,  that  it  was  widely  com- 
mented on  by  the  press  and  the  different 
Departments,  he  receiving  the  credit  for 
operating  the  most  model  plant  of  its  kind  in 
the  world.  Has  been  continually  associated 
with  the  wholesale  grocery  business,  and  on 
February  1st,  1909,  became  a  partner  in  the 
firm  of  Austin,  Nichols  &  Company,  the 
largest  importing,  manufacturing  and  whole- 
sale grocery  concern  in  America.  He  also 
enjoyed  for  many  years  the  reputation  of 
being  the  highest  priced  salesman  in  the 
grocery  trade  of  the  United  States. 

Mr.  Balfe  is  a  member  of  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  Union  League  Club,  Crescent 
Athletic  Club,  Arkwright  Club,  and  numer- 
ous other  clubs;  a  Chairman  of  the  Nation -il 
Civic  Federation,  Director  of  the  Childs- 
worth  Company,  the  New  York  Opthalmic 
Hospital,  the  Socorro  Mines,  New  Mexico, 
and  many  other  large  corporations,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Sea  Foam  Baking  Powder 
Company,  and  today  is  looked  upon  as  the 
Harriman  in  the  grocery  field. 

Mr.  Balfe's  business  address  is  61  Hud- 
son St.,  New  York,  and  he  resides  873  St. 
Mark's  Avenue,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


BORDEN'S   CONDENSED   MILK  CO., 

" LEADERS  OF  QUALITY" 
Established  1857.  New  York. 


Originators  of  Condensed  Milk  and  Largest  Manufacturers  of  Milk  Products  in  the  World 

Proprietors  of  the  Famous  Eagle  Brand  Condensed  Milk  and  Peerless  Brand 
Evaporated  Milk,  which  have  received  Highest  Awards  Wherever  Exhibited. 


1 80 


HUDSON-FULTON  CFLIiBKATION 


BORDEN'S  CONDENSED  MILK  CO 


" LEADERS  OF  QUALITY" 


Established  1857 


NEW  YORK 


ORIGINATORS 
OF 

CONDENSED  MILK 
AND 
LARGEST 
MANUFACTURERS 
OF 

MILK  PRODUCTS 
IN 

THE  WORLD 


EAGLE  BRAND 
CONDENSED  MILK 

"The  Original  " 

The  Safest  Food  for  Infants. 
Has  enjoyed  an  unchallenged 
reputation  for  Purity  and  High 
Quality  for  more  than  Half  a 
Century. 


PEERLESS  BRAND 
EVAPORATED  MILK 

( Unsweetened) 

Made  from  Pure,  Rich,  Full- 
Cream,  Fluid  Milk.  Dilute 
with  Water  to  Any  Richness 
Desired,  and  use  same  as  "Fresh" 
Milk  or  Cream. 


The  Name  "  BORDEN  "  Is  the  Strongest 
Guarantee  You  Can  Have  on  Your 
Condensed  or  Evaporated  Milk. 


1S1 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


New  York  Headquarters  of 

THOMAS    J.  LIPTON 

The  World  Renowned 
TEA   AND    COFFEE  MERCHANT 


Hudso  n  and  Franhlin  Streets 


New  YorK  City 


V 


The  story  of  a  most  remarkable  and  suc- 
cessful career  is  entwined  around  the  life  of 
Thomas  J.  Lipton,  New  York's  most  success- 
ful tea  merchant.  Mr.  Lipton  was  born 
in  Scotland,  of  Irish  parentage  in  1850 
and  as  a  poor  boy  came  to  America  where  he 
had  instilled  in  him  the  determination  for  per- 
sistent hard  work  that  has  brought  him  to 
the  prominent  notice  of  the  entire  world  as  a 
successful  tea  merchant. 

Though  Sir  Thomas  always  attributes "  his 
success  to  the  teaching  and  care  of  deyoted 
parents,  it  was  undoubtedly  America  that  im- 
parted to  him  the  ruggedness  and  persistency 
that  brought  success,  and  he  often  speaks  of 
the  plans  he  formulated  while  struggling  here 
and  occupying  the  most  humble  lodgings  down 


in  Washington  Street,  where  he  first  slept  in 
America. 

When  fortune  enabled  him  to  seek  distant 
shores  for  the  deyelopment  of  his  enormous 
enterprises,  this  city  first  claimed  his  atten- 
tion and  he  established  an  office  in  Murray 
Street. 

This  was  soon  outgrown  and  after  frequent 
changes  to  larger  quarters  he,  in  May,  190S, 
moved  his  headquarters  to  the  most  prominent 
location  in  the  wholesale  grocery  section  of 
the  city. 

Sir  Thomas  Lipton"s  motto  is  "There  is  no 
fun  like  work." 

Work    early   and    late,    close   attention  to 
details  and  sticking  everlastingly  at  it.  is  what 
has  crowned  his  efforts. 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 

CONRON  BROS.  CO. 

ORIGINAL  PLANT  That  Conron  Bros.  Co.  is  the  largest  and  most  important  inde- 

pendent wholesale  house  handling  Poultry,  Game,  Meats,  Butter  and 
Eggs  in  New  York  City  is  evidenced  by  the  rapid  growth  of  its  busi- 
ness, the  output  having  increased  in  seventeen  years  from  a  quarter 
million  dollars  to  an  annual  sale  of  ten  million  dollars. 

The  corporation  conducting  this  gigantic  business  is  a  close  one 
and  was  incorporated  in  May,  1902,  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  with  Joseph  Conron,  founder  of  the  business,  as  president, 
his  brother  Joseph  E.  Conron,  treasurer,  and  John  J.  Fitzgerald,  sec- 
retary. The  board  of  directors,  in  addition  to  these  officers,  includes 
Thomas  Nash  and  Charles  F.  Kelly.  All  were  former  employes  of 
the  house  and  were  admitted  to  partnership  on  a  co-operative  basis. 
The  main  office  and  first  plant  is  located  at  10th  Avenue,  13th 
and  14th  streets;  the  second  plant  is  at  189-191  Fort  Greene  Place. 
Brooklyn,  and  the  third  plant  established  is  located  at  (31st  Street  and 
1 2th  Avenue.  The  fourth  and  largest  plant  is  located  at  643-645  Brook 
Avenue,  Bronx,  and  covers  four  city  lots  and  cost  $150,000. 
13th  Street  and  10th  Avenue 


SECOND  PLANT  THIRD  PLANT 


Each  one  of  the  plants  is  equipped  with  the  latest  and  most  im- 
proved refrigerating  machinery  for  the  economic  and  sanitary  handling 
of  the  products  and  special  railroad  facilities  enable  the  house  to  meet 
the  closest  competition  and  give  the  best  service  to  customers. 

The  firm's  trade  extends  to  every  part  of  the  United  States  and 
regular  shipments  are  made  to  London  and  Liverpool  and  other  for- 
eign cities. 

Mr.  Joseph  Conron  has  made  a  life-time  study  of  the  business, 
and  knowing  the  desire  of  the  consumer  to  get  away  from  cold  stor- 
age poultry,  has  formulated  a  plan  which  he  is  positive  will  be  uni- 
versally adopted  within  a  few  years.  This  plan  takes  the  chicken  at 
the  time  of  slaughter  on  the  farm.  It  is  then  cooled  by  artificial 
refrigeration  and  packed  in  an  air-tight  carton.  This  is  dated  and 
reaches  the  consumer  in  the  original  package,  who  is  enabled  to  see 
at  a  glance  the  date  of  killing  and  can  eat  his  poultry  with  the  as- 
surance that  it  is  absolutely  fresh. 

183 


FOURTH  PLANT 


Jjfi 

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If  i  1 

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PT  1 

jljij 

SSL 

Bronx 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


GUDE  BROTHERS 

Butter,  Cheese   and  Eggs 


21  JAY  STREET 


The  firm  of  Gude  Brothers  was  estab- 
lished in  1891,  and  incorporated  in  1904. 
Shortly   afterwards  A.   J.   Gude  became 


GUDE  BROS. 

president;  P.  H.  Kieffer,  vice-president,  and 
Frederick  G.  Gude,  secretary  and  treasurer. 

Mr.  Peter  H.  Kieffer,  the  vice-president, 
is  a  butter  expert,  having  been  one  of  the 
leading  butter  makers  of  Iowa  and  after- 


wards Assistant  Dairy  Commissioner  of  that 
State.  This  knowledge  and  close  relationship 
places  Gude  Brothers  in  control  of  the  out- 
put of  the  best  creameries  that  are  making 
butter,  according  to  the  firm's  instructions, 
and  gives  Gude  Brothers  the  command  of 
the  best  products  in  the  market. 

The     firm     manufacture  "GUDE'S 

ROYAL  BUTTER  AND  CHEESE," 
and  handle  "GUDE'S  ROYAL  EGGS," 
which  are  freshly  gathered  from  the  farms 
and    put    up    in    cartons.  "GUDE'S 

ROYAL  PRINT  BUTTER"  is  one  of 
the  firm's  leaders,  and  is  having  a  large 
sale  on  account  of  it's  superior  quality. 
These  brands  of  butter  and  cheese  are 
manufactured  under  the  most  sanitary  condi- 
tions in  the  best  factories  in  the  state.  The 
firm  also  acts  as  agent  for  the  Minnesota 
Co-operative  Dairies  Association,  a  corpora- 
tion composed  of  1 00  or  more  of  the  finest 
whole  milk  creameries  in  the  great  bread  and 
butter  State  of  Minnesota. 

Gude  Brothers  is  a  "Quality  House," 
their  aim  since  establishment  having  been  the 
production  and  marketing  of  the  highest 
grade  of  goods.  It  is  adherence  to  this  rule 
that  has  brought  success  to  the  house  and 
made  it  the  leader  in  the  dairy  product  line. 

The  business  of  Gude  Brothers  is  among 
the  highest  class  grocers,  the  leading  hotels 
and  the  principal  railroad  companies  and 
steamship  lines. 


i&4 


HUDSOX-FU  LTOX   CELEB  RAT  I  OX 


JOHN    W  NIX. 


OfOPGC    W  NIX 


W  NIX. 

SeCy  AT,, 


CABLE  ADDRESS 

"  NIX  NEW  YORK  " 

ABC  OR  REVISED 

ECONOMY  CODES 


BUSINESS 

FOUNDED  1839 

INCORPORATED  1904. 


ZUCCA  &  COMPANY 

25  WEST  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

Importers  of  Italian  Products 

TELEPHONE  NO.  5746  BARCLAY 

Of  the  many  Italian  products  which  wo  have  Imported  from  Italy  for  the  last  forty  years  (many  having  been  intro- 
duced In  this  market  by  us),  Olive  oil  and  Chianti  wine  have  had  the  best  success,  and  though  both  pay  high  duty  to  the 
Government    the   sales    Increase  annually. 

The  "BERTOLiil"  brand  of  Lucca  Olive  oil,  which  we  Import  in  large  quantities  in  cases  containing  12  gallons  each 
of  eltlier  1  gallon,  Va  gallon  or  V4  gallon  tins,  in  glass  of  pint  or  quart  tlas-ks  ami  in  barrels,  is  one  of  the  purest  and  best 
grades  of  olive  oil  Imported.  Dr.  Wiley,  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  has.  analyzed 
this  oil  and  has  frequently  congratulated  our  Mr.  A.  Zucea  on  its  purity,  finding  no  trace  of  the  slightest  percentage  of 
other  oil   than   that  of   the   pure  olive. 

Olive  oil  is  one  of  the  best  condiments  to  be  used  not  only  for  cooking,  but  as  a  dressing  for  salads,   a  cure  for  the 

various  ailments  of  the  stomach  and  to  improve  the  complexion.    The   "Hertolli"  brand,   guarant  1  absolutely   pure,  can  be 

purchased  at  most  all  the  large  stores,  and  by  asking  fur  this  brand  the  purchaser  will  get  the  Pure  Lucca  Olive  Oil  so 
highly  recommended  by  physicians.  If  your  dealer  does  not  keep  it.  write  to  Zucca  &  Co.,  who  wholesale  only,  but  will  be 
glad  to  send  a  sample  package  to  any  one  desirous  of  giving  it  a  trial. 

GlfJAiNTI  WINE,  red  and  white,  is  also  largely  Imported  by  us,  and  we  represent  tln-ee  of  the  largest  houses  In 
Tuscany:  that  of  Marquis  L.  &  I>.  Antinoro  of  Florence;  Socle ta  Vinicola  Toscana  of  Castellina,  in  Chianti.  and  Gual- 
ti<Ti  Nunzl  of  Florence.  Our  1901  importations  are  a  very  old  vintage  of  exquisite  bouquet:  the  white  C.iianti  is  superior 
to  any  of  the  white  wine  imimrtcd  here:  the  red.  three  years  old,  is  also  good  to  drink  with  vour  dinner,  and  sells  at  more 
moderate  prices  than  the  very  old.  If  you  ask  your  grocer  or  hotels  or  restaurants  for  either  of  rue  three  brands  above 
named,  you  can  make  no  mistake  in  getting  the  article  you  want.  We  do  not  sell  in  less  quantity  that  2  cases,  containing 
12  quarts  or  24  pint  flasks  each,  but  on  a  trial  order  we  will  send  one  case  of  white  and  one  case  of  red  to  anv  address 
desired,  of  e  ther  quarts  or  pints,  as  may  be  preferred  by  the  purchaser.  CHIANTI  wine  taken  with  vour  midday  and 
evening  meals  will  help  digestion  by  better  assimilating  the  food,   thus  prveeutlng  dyspepsia 

ZUCCA  &  COMPANY 


No.  25  West  Broadway 


i8S 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


AMERICAN  CHICLE  COMPANY 

( Organized  under  the  laws  of  New  Jersey  ) 

Manufacturers  of  the  following  brands  of 
chewing  gums: 

ADAMS'  PEPSIN  TUTTI-FRUTTI 
ADAMS'  SPEARMINT  CHEWING  GUM 
BEEMAN'S  PEPSIN  GUM 
WHITE'S  YUCATAN 
KISME  GUM 

PRIMLEY'S  CALIFORNIA  FRUIT 


FACTORIES: 

Cleveland,  Ohio  Louisville,  Ky. 

Chicago,  111.  Newark,  N.  J. 

Kansas  City,  Mo.  New  Orleans,  La. 

Portland,  Ore.  Toronto,  Can. 
London,  Eng. 


BRANCHES: 

Boston,  Mass.  San  Francisco,  Calif. 


Executive  Offices: 

135  William  Street     -    -    -     New  York.  N.  Y. 


186 


HUDS<  >X  :  I  I  1<  )\   CELEB  RATH  >  X 


The  Suga 

To  the  person  unaccustomed  to  watching  statistics 
of  production  and  consumption,  some  of  the  figures 
given  by  the  various  manufacturers  of  staple  food 
articles  in  this  country,  must  be  amazing. 

The  hundreds  of  products  that  go  to  make  up 
the  daily  menu  of  the  American  home  runs  into  the 
billions  and  what  is  hard  to  realize  is  that  the 
enormous  product  represented  by  this  vast  capital 
is  for  home  consumption,  the  export  trade,  although 
large,  being  but  a  small  percentage  of  the  output. 

New  York  City  and  its  immediate  territories  alone 
is  a  large  producer  of  food  stuffs  and  prominent 
among  the  industries  in  that  line  are  the  sugar  re- 
fineries. 

There  are  several  large  refineries  in  Greater  New 
York  that  give  empoyment  to  a  vast  army  of 
men  and  represent  a  large  amount  of  invested  cap- 
ital. In  the  entire  United  States  there  are  about 
1 5  refineries  engaged  in  the  production  of  this 
necessary  article  and  the  output  each  year  is  about 
3,400,000  long  tons. 

Sugar  is  manufactured  principally  from  raw  sugar 
made  from  cane  which  is  imported  from  Cuba,  Java, 
Brazil,  San  Domingo,  Porto  Rico,  Hawaii  and  the 
Philippine  Islands,  the  largest  amount  coming  from 
Cuba,  which  annually  contributes  1 ,400,000  tons. 

Raw  sugar  made  from  beets  is  imported  from 
Germany  and  Austria,  while  in  this  country  the 
annual  crop  grown  will  amount  to  about  450,000 
tons.  The  refined  sugar  made  from  beets  is  of  an 
inferior  quality  to  that  produced  from  cane  and  it 
does  not  reach  the  eastern  market  most  of  it  being 
used  west  of  Pittsburgh. 

Of  the  various  sugars  made,  the  fine  granulated 
and  standard   granulated  are   among  the  leaders, 

I< 


r  Industry 

while  crystal  cubes,  the  powdered  and  fine  granu- 
lated are  extensively  used  for  domestic  purposes. 
The  fine  and  standard  granulated  is  largely  used 
by  preservers  and  canners  while  the  confectioners 
in  addition  to  using  the  standard  granulated  have 
refined  for  their  use  an  undried  crystal  sugar  which 
is  specially  prepared.  All  of  these  varieties  are  ab- 
solutely pure  and  of  the  same  quality  the  difference 
in  grades  being  merely  a  matter  of  preparation. 

An  important  by-product  of  cane  sugar  is  corn 
syrup  which  all  refineries  turn  out  and  which  has  a 
large  sale  all  over  the  country. 

None  of  the  large  refineries  make  beet  sugar 
but  all  over  the  western  country  is  scattered  small 
concerns  that  turn  it  out.  The  price  is  usually  fif- 
teen or  twenty  cents  per  hundred  less  than  cane 
sugar,  but  when  the  question  of  quality  is  considered, 
the  eastern  consumer  considers  it  more  expensive 
and  will  have  none  of  it. 

The  competition  in  sugar  has  been  very  keen  in 
recent  years  and  the  margin  of  profit  to  the  retailer 
has  been  very  small,  so  that  it  does  not  seem  sur- 
prising that  in  a  country  of  upwards  of  90,000,000 
population  there  should  be  but  1  5  refineries  engaged 
in  producing  the  commodity. 

One  reason  for  the  apparent  small  representation 
of  manufacturers  is  that  a  large  proportion  of  the 
trade  is  controlled  by  one  corporation  that  has,  in 
different  sections  of  the  country,  immense  plants 
capable  of  meeting  every  demand. 

Another  reason  is  the  deterent  effect  sharp  com- 
petition has  on  capital.  To  thoroughly  equip  a 
modern  refinery  and  to  erect  all  the  buildings 
necessary  to  perfect  sanitary  conditions  means  an 
outlay  that  the  average  capitalist  thinks  is  not  war- 
ranted by  a  smaller  percentage  of  profit  than  he 
can  secure  in  other  fields. 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 

WARNER  SUGAR  REFINING  CO. 


The  Warner  Sugar  Refining  Co.,  with 
an  extensive  plant  at  Edgewater,  N.  J., 
was  formed  in  1908  to  occupy  a  previ- 
ously untried  field  and  one  that  its  pro- 
jectors felt  reasonably  sure  would  be  pro- 
lific. This  was  the  sale  of  the  products 
only  to  wholesale  grocers,  manufacturing 
confectioners,  fruit  packers  and  canners. 

The  Warner  Company  at  the  outstart 
determined  to  make  the  best  goods  in  the 
market  and  with  this  resolve  in  mind  in" 
stalled  one  of  the  finest  and  most  com- 
plete plants  in  the  world.  It  is  run  en- 
tirely by  electricity  and  the  greatest  care 
has  been  exercised  to  obtain  a  pure  and 
perfectly  sanitary  article.  Another  con- 
sideration was  the  expense,  that  figures  so 
largely  when  competition  is  close.  It  was 
this  that  led  to  the  selection  of  the  present 
site,  where  superior  railroad  facilities  and 
direct  water  frontage  gives  the  company  a 
shipping  capacity  of  10,000  barrels  per 
day  and  reduces  the  cost  of  handling  to 
a  minimum.  Large  warehouses  and 
docks  directly  on  the  Hudson  River 
makes  it  possible  to  load  the  largest  ocean 
going  vessels,  so  that  it  places  the  com- 
pany in  a  position  to  quote  the  lowest  pos- 
sible figure  on  export  goods. 

A  specialty  made  by  the  company  is 
a  fancy  cane  syrup  and  a  guarantee  is 


given  that  no  beet  sugars  are  used  in  the 
process  of  refining. 

The  sugars  manufactured  are  standard 
granulated  in  barrels,  small  barrels,  half 
barrels  and  100-pound  bags.  Coarse 
granulated,  extra  fine  granulated  and  fine 
granulated  in  the  same  size  and  style  pack- 
ages, and  fine  granulated  in  bags  of  4-25s, 
barrels  and  bags  of  10-pound,  5-pound, 
3  ^2-pound  and  2-pound  packets, 
xxxx  Powdered  and  Standard  Pow- 
dered and  Confectioners'  Royal  Crystal 
are  packed  only  in  barrels,  while  cubes 
are  sent  out  in  barrels,  small  barrels  and 
100  -pound  bags.  The  New  Sugar-Crys- 
tal Blocks  comes  in  barrels,  small  barrels 
and  half  barrels,  while  Warner's  Special 
Confectioners'  Sugar  is  put  up  in  barrels 
only.  The  success  of  the  Warner  Sugar 
Refining  Company  is  not  alone  due  to  the 
superiority  of  the  goods  manufactured, 
some  credit  being  due  to  the  complete  or- 
ganization and  excellent  conduct  of  the 
business,  which  is  looked  after  by  the 
following  officers:  C.  M.  Warner,  Presi- 
dent; C.  B.  Warner,  Vice-President  and 
Treasurer;  R.  M.  Bell,  Secretary,  and 
Edward  L.  Wemple,  General  Sales 
Manager. 

The  Company's  Executive  Offices  are 
at  79  Wall  Street,  New  York. 


HL'DSON-FULTOX  CELEBRATION 

New  York,  the  Financial  Center  of  America 


New  York's  title  to  supremacy  as  the  finan- 
cial center  of  the  western  hemisphere  is  undis- 
puted. In  the  volume  of  its  banking,  foreign 
exchange,  investment  and  speculative  opera- 
tions, it  is  second  only  to  London.  Indeed  it 
has  so  frequently  participated  within  the  last 
decade  in  the  flotation  of  foreign  government 
and  private  corporation  loans,  which  hitherto 
were  financed  exclusively  through  the  English 
capital,  that  it  now  is  reducing  the  latter's  pres- 
tige. Xew  York's  function  as  the  monetary 
center  of  America  has  been  recognized  since 
the  day  when  Hendrick  Hudson  began  his  trip 
up  the  river  which  now  bears  his  name.  It 
was  acknowledged  even  more  unreservedly 
when  Robert  Fulton  steamed  over  the  same 
course  in  the  Clermont  and  has  been  conceded 
ever  since  by  all  the  lesser  cities  of  this  country. 

Occasionally,  the  assertion  has  been  made 
that  Chicago  is  making  such  rapid  strides  in 
this  direction  as  to  threaten  the  pre-eminent 
position  still  held  by  Xew  York,  and  it  is  un- 
deniable that  Xew  York  has  lost  ground  in  some 
directions  from  a  diversion  of  settlements  and 
banking  facilities  not  only  to  Chicago  but  also 
to  other  large  cities  of  the  interior,  but  with 
the  Xew  York  Clearing  House  showing  aggre- 
gate transactions,  including  those  of  49  banks, 
of  $82,968,967,069  during  the  last  calendar 
year,  the  metropolis  has  little  to  fear  from  such 
competition,  especially  when  this  banking 
record  is  backed  by  operations  in  stocks  involv- 
ing last  year  197,206.346  shares,  having  an  ap- 
proximate value  of  $15. 319.491. 797.  Addition- 
al figures  on  the  yearly  transactions  in  stocks 
in  the  Xew  York  Stock  Exchange  show  that 
for  the  last  six  years  they  have  averaged  T02.- 
000.000  shares,  which,  at  an  estimated  average 
value  of  $60  a  share,  represents  an  annual  busi- 
ness of  $6,120,000,000,  without  considering  the 
business  in  bonds  which  last  year  involved  $!.- 
081.261,120. 

Some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  loan  and 
trust  companies  of  Greater  Xew  York  alone 
can  be  obtained  from  the  statement  that  insti- 
tutions of  this  character  have  a  combined  cap- 
ital of  $14,000,000  and  surplus  and  profits  of 
Si 5.000.000.  The  resources  of  these  institu- 
tions aggregate  $175,000,000  and  their  deposits, 
$127,000,000.  Since  1883.  their  resources  have 
increased  $32,000,000  or  at  the  rate  of  27  per 
cent.  The  state  banks  in  Xew  York  City  re- 
vealed in  their  reports  at  the  close  of  last  year 
resources  of  $459,320,345.  while  the  national 


banks  at  the  beginning  of  this  year  reported  re- 
sources of  $1,760,734,468.  The  city's  net  bond- 
ed debt  now  involves  $672,019,244  and  valua- 
tion of  the  real  and  personal  estate  of  the  sev- 
eral boroughs  comprising  the  city  of  Xew  York 
totals  $7,158,190,400  more,  compared  with  $3,- 
478,352,029  a  decade  ago. 

The  value  of  foreign  imports  into  the  port 
of  New  York  last  year  was  $677,569,033,  com- 
pared with  $938,658,268  for  the  previous  year; 
$888,995,918  for  1906;  $736,806,385  for  1905; 
$643,954,218  for  1904  and  $500,979,147  a  score 
of  years  ago.  The  city's  exports  to  foreign 
ports  last  year  amounted  to  $734,569,865,  com- 
pared with  $770,506,155  for  the  previous  year; 
8678,733,817  for  1906;  $637,610,737  for  1905; 
$648,251,150  for  1904  and  $417,545,010  twenty 
years  ago.  Briefly,  Xew  York  handles  47.75 
per  cent  of  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  United 
States,  and  of  the  $191,478,663  of  postoffice 
receipts  for  the  last  year,  it  received  $18,569,1 19. 
The  operations  of  the  United  States  assay  of- 
fice in  Xew  York  also  illustrate  the  enormous 
amount  of  bullion  deposits  in  this  city.  For 
1908,  the  deposits  of  gold  in  the  local  assay  of- 
fice amounted  to  $62,044,365  and  the  deposits 
of  silver  to  $2,595,957,  while  the  amount  of 
silver  parted  from  gold  involved  $233,546;  sil- 
ver bars  manufactured.  $5,066,924  and  gold 
bars  manufactured,  $1,683,519,436. 

Xew  York  has  lost  its  reputation  as  a  dis- 
tributing point  for  almost  all  importations  and 
for  the  bulk  of  the  domestic  manufactures  and 
also  has  been  compelled  to  relinquish  its  claim 
to  being  the  sole  port  of  export  for  western 
products,  but,  although  the  exports  of  the  south- 
ern states  are  made  direct  from  southern  ports, 
the  financial  transactions  connected  with  such 
shipments  are  effected  still  through  this  city. 
Chicago,  however,  finances  most  of  the  western 
grain  and  provision  shipments  and  that  city 
and  St.  Louis  are  sharing  more  and  more  in 
the  distribution  of  foreign  and  eastern  mer- 
chandise. The  bulk  of  Xew  York's  business  as 
a  distributing  center  to  the  central  and  western 
states  and  to  most  of  the  South,  however,  re- 
mains virtually  undisturbed,  and.  notwithstand- 
ing the  efforts  of  interior  centers  to  check  the 
continued  ascendancy  of  this  city.  Xew  York 
still  is  holding  its  own  as  the  greatest  monetary 
and  foreign  exchange  center  as  well  as  the 
first  and  foremost  securities  market  of  the 
country. 

So 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


CLARK,  DODGE  &  CO. 

(Established  1847) 

BANKERS 

Transact  a  general  banking  and  investment  business. 

Buy  and  sell  high  grade  railroad  bonds. 

Act  as  fiscal  agents  for  corporations. 

Negotiate  security  issues  of  railroads. 

Statistical  information  furnished  trustees  and  investors. 


51  Wall  Street 


New  York  City 


i  

THE 

TRUST  COMPANY 
OF  AMERICA 

37-43  Wall  Street,    /         New  York 

COLONIAL  BRANCH: 
222    Broadway,    New  York 

LONDON  OFFICE: 
95  Gresham  St  ,  London,  E.  C 


CAPITAL  AND  SURPLUS 
$8,000,000 

Invites  Accounts  of  Individuals, 

Firms  and  Corporations. 
Allows    Interest    on  Deposits. 
Issues  Foreign  Drafts  and  Letters 
of  Credit. 

Executes  Trusts  of  Every  De- 
scription. 


HENRY  CLEWB  JAMES  B.  CLEWS 
Member  N.  Y.  Stock  Exch. 

C.  P.  HOLZDERBER  GEORGE  A.  HURTY 

Member  N.  Y.  Stock  Exch.  Member  N.\ .  Stock  Exch- 

Henry  Clews  &  Co. 

BANKERS 
11,  13,   15  and   17   Broad  Street 

Members  of  the  N.  Y. 

Stock  Exchange. 
Cheque  accounts  re- 
ceived and  interest  paid 
on  balances.  Orders 
filled  for  Bond,  Note 
and    Stock  issues  of 

Governments,  Cities,  Railroads 

and    advances  made 
thereon. 


LETTERS  OF  CREDIT 
Issued     Available     The    World  Over 


190 


HUDSOX-FULTOX   C  ELI"  15  RATI  OX 


Fire  and  Life  Insurance 


The  magnitude  of  the  fire  insurance 
business  in  New  York  City  can  be  realized 
when  it  is  authoritatively  stated  that  in  the 
district  between  Chambers  and  Fifty-ninth 
Streets  the  largest  amount  of  fire  insurance 
in  the  entire  world  is  concentrated.  Carrying 
this  immense  amount  of  risk,  which  is  largely 
augmented  by  the  insurance  in  force  in  the 
balance  of  the  territory  comprising  Greater 
New  York,  are  5 1  local  stock  companies 
and  associations,  1 6  foreign  companies,  and 
97  New  York  and  other  state  companies 
doing  business  here. 

According  to  figures  recently  prepared 
which  are  used  as  a  basis  for  the  assessment 
paid  annually  to  the  fire  patrol  of  Man- 
hattan and  the  Salvage  Corps  of  Brooklyn, 
the  premiums  for  six  months  of  this  year 
were  as  follows: 

Greater  New  York  exclusive  of  Brook- 
lyn. 

Local  companies  $  3,356,865.16 

Agency  companies   4,197,518.33 

Foreign  companies   3,104,032.99 


Total  $10,658,416.48 

Brooklyn. 

Local  companies  $  913,256.10 

Agency  companies   944,408.08 

Foreign  companies   732,872.59 

Total  $  2,590,536.77 

Grand  total  $13,248,953.25 

In  a  city  like  New  York  every  precaution 
is  taken  to  prevent  a  serious  conflagration, 
but  such  a  calamity  is  possible,  and  were  a 
fire  similar  to  that  in  Chicago  to  occur  here 
in  the  wholesale  district  it  would,  in  all  prob- 
ability entail  a  property  loss  of  over  two 
billion  dollars.  What  this  would  mean  to 
the  insurance  companies  doing  business  here 
can  be  realized  when  it  is  known  that  their 
combined  assets  is  approximately  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  million  dollars — just  about 


one-eighth  of  the  losses  they  would  be  called 
upon  to  pay. 

The  New  York  Fire  Underwriters  are 
constantly  working  to  evade  such  a  visitation 
and  reduce  the  possibility  of  danger  to  a 
minimum.  They  have  been  active  in  attempt- 
ing to  get  a  building  code  passed  that  will 
greatly  reduce  the  hazard,  and  are  also  trying 
to  secure  an  adequate  fire  alarm  system, 
which,  coupled  with  the  high  pressure  service 
recently  installed  in  the  wholesale  district, 
will  enable  the  merchant  there  to  sleep  a 
little  more  soundly. 

The  New  York  Fire  Insurance  Exchange 
governs  rates  in  the  city,  and  has  an 
elaborate  system  of  determining  the  same  by 
physical  hazard.  This  arrangement  has 
resulted  in  the  adoption  of  a  price  to  be  paid 
by  the  insured  in  the  various  districts,  which 
is  fair  and  equitable. 

Additional  protection  is  given  the  insured 
by  the  New  York  Board  of  Fire  Under- 
writers which  maintains  a  Fire  Patrol  in 
Manhattan  and  the  Bonx,  while  the  Brook- 
lyn Underwriters  have  a  Salvage  Corps. 
These  two  auxiliary  organizations  use  their 
energies  in  saving  property  menaced  by  fire, 
removing  goods,  if  necessary,  and  in  other 
cases  covering  them  with  tarpaulins  to 
protect  them  from  water  damage. 

The  other  forms  of  insurance  in  force  here 
also  represent  huge  investment.  Life  Insur- 
ance being  largely  in  the  lead,  while  casualty, 
marine  and  the  various  forms  of  protection 
offered  to  the  many  interests. 

New  York's  life  insurance  companies  do 
business  in  every  corner  of  the  globe,  and 
while  some  of  the  largest  individual  risks 
have  been  written  here,  the  great  bulk  of 
their  business  is  scattered  throughout  the 
civilized  world. 

The  leading  companies  are  veritable 
Gibraltars  in  the  life  insurance  world,  and 
their  assets  and  reserve  funds  run  into 
hundreds  of  million  dollars. 


IQI 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


January  1st,  1909. 


Atlantic  Mutual  Insurance  Company 

Atlantic  Building,  51  Wall  Street,  New  York 


INSURES  AGAINST  MARINE  AND  INLAND  TRANSPORTATION  RISK  AND  WILL 
ISSUE  POLICIES  MAKING  LOSS  PAYABLE  IN  EUROPE  AND  ORIENTAL  COUNTRIES. 

Chartered  by  the 
State  of  New  York 
in  1842,  was  pre- 
ceded by  a  Stock 
Company  of  a  similar 
name.  The  latter 
Company  was  liqui- 
dated and  part  of  its 
capital,  to  the  extent 
of  $100,000,  was 
used,  with  consent  of 
the  Stockholders,  by 
the  Atlantic  Mutual 
Insurance  Company 
and  repaid,  with  a 
bonus  and  interest,  at 
the  expiration  of  two 
years. 

Since  that  time  the 
company  has  occu- 
pied offices,  first,  in 
what  was  then  known 
as  the  Merchants' 
Exchange,  corner  of 
Hanover  and  Wall 
Streets.  That  build- 
ing was  subsequently  used  as  the  United  States  Custom  House,  and  has  now  been  reno- 
vated by  the  City  National  Bank  and  is  occupied  by  that  Bank.  In  1851  property  was 
purchased  by  the  Atlantic  Mutual  Insurance  Co.  on  the  southwest  corner  of  Wall  and 
William  Streets,  and  a  building  was  erected  thereon  and  occupied  until  1 900.  The 
present  building — which  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  finest  office  buildings  in  New  York — 
was  erected  on  the  same  site  in  1900-1901.  It  is  a  most  remarkable  experience,  in  re- 
spect to  structures  of  such  size,  that  every  available  space  has  been  rented  from  that  time 
to  the  present,  thus  making  the  erection  of  the  building  an  absolute  success 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


During  its  existence  the  company 

Has  Insured  Property  to  the  Value  of  - 
Received  Premiums  Thereon  to  the  Extent  of  - 
Paid  Losses  During  That  Period 

Issued  Certificates  of  Profits  to  Dealers  ... 
Of  Which  There  Have  Been  Redeemed 
Leaving  Outstanding  at  Present  Time  ... 
Interest  Paid  on  Certificates  Amounts  to 

On  December  3 1 , 1 908,  the  Assets  of  the  Company  Amounted  to 


$23,353,407,439.00 
233,923,910.44 
132,635,925.29 
83,811,450.00 
76,439,840.00 
7,371,610.00 
20,369,710.05 
12,824,105.23 


The  profits  of  the  company 
revert  to  the  assured  and 
are  divided  annually  upon 
the  premiums  terminated  dur- 
ing the  year,  thereby  reducing 
the  cost  of  insurance. 

For  such  dividends,  cer- 
tificates are  issued  subject  to 
dividends  of  interest  until 
ordered  to  be  redeemed,  in 
accordance  with  the  charter. 


A.  A.  RAVEN, 

President, 
CORNELIUS  ELDERT, 

Vice-President, 
SANFORD  E.  COBB, 

2d  Vice-President, 
CHARLES  E.  FAY, 

3d  Vice-President, 
JOHN  H.  JONES  STEWART, 
4th  Vice-President, 

G.  STANTON  FLOYD-JONES 

Secretary. 


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ATLANTIC  MUTUAL  INSURANCE  COMPANY 


1 '  '3 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


The  Home  Insurance  Company 


Something  more  than  a  half  a  century  ago  two 
Fire  Insurance  Companies  were  formed  in  New 
York  City,  each  with  a  Capital  of  $500,000. 
which  was  double  that  of  any  New  York  Com- 
pany then  doing  business.  One  of  those  two  — 
THE  HOME  INSURANCE  COMPANY, 
NEW  YORK — now  leads  all  the  Fire  Companies 
in  the  world.  In  income,  assets  and  business,  sev- 
eral American  Companies  long  since  passed  the 
largest  of  the  British  Life  and  Accident  Com- 
panies, and  in  1906  the  assets  of  The  HOME 
were  shown  to  exceed  the  fire  assets  of  the  largest 
British  Company,  thus  putting  the  United  States 
in  the  lead  in  all  three  branches  of  insurance,  to 
wit:    Fire,  Life  and  Accident. 

As  soon  as  its  organization  was  completed  in 
April,  1853,  The  HOME  entered  the  then  al- 
most unexplored  field  of  a  general  agency  business. 
It  has  been  most  capably  officered  and  conserva- 
tively and  skillfully  directed.  Its  executives  have 
been  taken  almost  exclusively  from  inside  its  own 
rartks,  and  long  tenure  of  service  has  notably  char- 
acterized its  administration  in  all  branches — cleri- 
cal, field  and  official.  A  recent  list  of  "veterans" 
disclosed  over  four  hundred  of  its  agents,  field  men 
and  officers  who  have  served  the  Company  con- 
tinuously for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century. 

Its  present  Chief  Executive,  Mr.  Elbridge  G. 
Snow,  joined  the  forces  of  The  HOME  in  1  862  as 
a  clerk,  was  appointed  to  official  position  as  As- 
sistant Secretary  in  1 885  and  elected  President 
in  I  904.  The  Company  has  more  than  maintained 
its  record  of  progress  under  his  administration,  hav- 
ing, as  above  indicated,  taken  the  premier  position 
among  Fire  Companies  in  the  world  in  1  906. 

The  cash  capital  has  been  successively  increased 


at  various  times  to  the  present  amount  of  $3,000,- 
000.  In  the  great  Chicago  fire  of  1871  The 
HOME  sustained  losses  aggregating  over  $3,000,- 
000,  necessitating  an  assessment  of  60%  which 
the  stockholders  promptly  contributed,  thereby  add- 
ing greatly  to  the  already  considerable  prestige  of 
the  Company.  Since  that  time  The  HOME  has 
met  its  losses  in  great  conflagrations  and  in  regular 
course  with  a  promptness,  with  a  certainty  of  re- 
source, with  a  cheerful  readiness,  and  with  an  equity 
of  adjustment  which  has  inspired  the  confidence  of 
its  loss  claimants  and  excited  the  admiration  of  the 
business  world. 

The  HOME'S  last  Annual  Statement  sets  forth 
total  assets  of  $24,856,499;  after  setting  aside 
reserves  for  outstanding  risks,  for  loss  claims  re- 
ported or  pending,  for  taxes  to  become  due  and  for 
all  other  purposes,  a  surplus  to  policy-holders  of 
$13,682,821  is  shown.  Deducting  from  this  the 
Cash  Capital  of  $3,000,000,  and  a  further  con- 
tingent reserve  voluntarily  set  aside  (The  HOME 
is  the  only  Company  observing  this  extra  caution) 
for  a  "conflagration  surplus,"  the  net  surplus  over 
all  liabilities  and  contingencies  is  nearly  $10,000,- 
000. 

This  great  Company,  with  its  unexcelled  record 
of  competent,  conservative  management,  honesty  of 
practice  and  uniform  fair  dealing;  appreciated  by 
it?  thousands  of  local  agents  throughout  the  U.  S., 
Canada,  Mexico  and  Cuba,  esteemed  by  its  policy- 
holders, and  highly  regarded  by  all  who  know  it, 
affords  every  assurance  that  it  will  continue  to  be 
an  unshakable  defense  against  financial  disaster  to 
its  policyholders  by  fire,  even  in  the  possible  event 
of  a  series  of  conflagrations  which  would  shake  fir* 
insurance  to  its  foundations. 


104 


HUDSON-FULTON 


CELEBRATION 


I) 


PUC  MTV  insurance 
rniLlNlTl  Company 

OF  BROOKLYN,  N.  Y. 


Home  Office,         ::  68  William  St.,  N.  Y.  C. 

Brooklyn  Branches:  16  Court  St.,  1  13-9  Broadway 
Eastern  Department  ::  ::  68  William  St. 
Western  Department,  205  La  Salle  St ,  Chicago,  111. 
Southern  Department        ::        ::         Atlanta,  Ga. 


ASSETS  $10,119,029 
CAPITAL  $1,500,000 

SURPLUS  TO  POLICY  HOLDERS 

$3,072,123 


195 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 

SUMMARY  OF  64th  ANNUAL  REPORT 

OF  THE 

NEW  YORK  LIFE  INSURANCE  CO. 

DARWIN   P.   KINGSLEY,  President 


NEW  INSURANCE 

PAID  FOR  IN  1908 


TOTAL  ADMITTED  ASSETS, 

$557,286,671 


$139,925,250 

This  new  paid  business  is  exclusive  of  over  Eigh- 
teen Millions  of  Increase  in  Insurance- In -force  by  way 
of  miscellaneous  additions  during   the  year  1908. 


TOTAL  PAID-FOR  INSURANCE  IN  FORCE,  JAN.  1,  I909 

$1,993,559,601 


The  Company's  Expenses  for  New  Business  in  1908  were  87.6:/  of  the  amount  allowa- 
ble lor  New  Business  under  Section  97  of  the  Insurance  Law  of  New  York,  and  its  Total 
Insurance  Expenses  were  -51.4    of  the  amount  allowable  lor  Total  Insurance  Expenses. 


Balance  Sheet,  January  1,  1909. 


ASSETS. 

Real  Estate    $12,645,993.97 

Loans  and  Mortgages    58.706,413.36 

Loans  on  Policies    87,316,641.44 

Loans  on  Collateral    500,000.00 

Bonds  (market  vals.  Dec.  31,  1908)  375,516,651.02 

Cash    9,124,131.44 

Renewal  Premiums    7,413,992.69 

Interest  and  Rents  due  and  accrued  6, 062, 846. S4 

Total    $557,286,670.76 


LIABILITIES. 

Policy  Reserves    $459,209,411.00 


Other  Policy  Liabilities   

Premiums  and  Interest  prepaid  . . 

Commissions,  Salaries,  etc  

Dividends  payable  in  1909   

Additional  Reserve  on  Policies  . . 
Rcseive  for  deferred  Dividends 
Reserves  for  other  purposes 


6,357,583.57 
2,763,130.S4 
1,011,983.34 
7,602,905.16 
3,129.402.00 
67,181,561.00 
10,030,693.85 


Total    $557,286,670.76 


INCOME,  1908. 

Premiums: 

On  New  Policies   $5,424,856.35 

On  Renewed  Policies,  . .  72,069.813.64 
Annuities,  etc..    964,255.31 


Real  Estate  Rentals   

Interest   on  Mortgages   

Interest  on  Policy  Loans  . . , 
Interest  on  Collateral  Loans 

Interest  on  Bonds   

Interest  on  Bank  Deposits  . 

Other  Interest   

Other  Income   


Total 


$78,458,925.30 

1,032,739.55 
2,363,915.99 
4,414.464.94 
34,861.11 
15,238,937.53 
264,222.12 
3.045.62 
624,882.13 


$102,435,994.29 


DISBURSEMENTS,  1908. 

Payments  to  Policy-holders: 

Death  Losses   $22,131,290.77 

To  livinf  Policy-holders,  27,059,967.63 


Patid  to  Beneficiaries  under  installment 
contracts   

Commissions  on  New  Business   

Renewal  Com'ns  and  other  Pay'ts  to 
Agents   

Medical  Examination  and  Agency  Sup- 
ervision   

Branch  Office  Salaries   

Home  Office  Salaries   

Taxes,  Licenses  and  Insurance  Dept. 
Fees   

Rent  and  Real  Estate  Taxes  and  Ex- 
penses   

Oeneral  Expenses  and  Profit  and  Loss 

For    Reserves    to    meet    Policy  Obli- 


gat  in]is. 


$49,191,258.40 

154,801. SO 
2,447,491.93 

1,572,468.14 

692,919.92 
1,630.045.04 
1,401,672.03 

962,385.25 

1,011,043.46 
1,107,923.23 

42,263,985.04 


Total   $102,435,994.29 


196 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


THE  WILLIAMSBURGH  CITY 

FIRE  INSURANCE  CO. 

OF  BROOKLYN,  N.  Y. 
FIFTY-SIXTH  ANNUAL  STATEMENT 

JANUARY  1st,  1909. 

ASSETS. 

Real    Estate    $90,000.00 

Bonds  nnil  Mortgages    502,100.00 

Stocks   and   Bonds    1.372.S73.0U 

Cash    311,076.89 

Premiums  Due    231,593.89 

(Interest    Accrued    2o.ss9.2i 

Other   Items    3.S20.47 

$2,532,353.26 

LIABILITIES. 

Due  f"r  I'unaid  Losses  ..  S272.7o7.7S 
Reserved  for  Re-Insurance  1,354,380.47 

All  other  Claims    20,777,82 

Total     Liabilities   $i7u47.St>ti.07 

Capital  Stock  .$250,000.00 
NET  SUK'PLUS  (i34.4S7.19 
Surplus  to  Policy-Holders  $SS4,48".19 

  $2,532,353.26 

OFFICES: 
No.    59   John   St.,    New  York. 
215  Havemeyer  Street,  E.  D., 

and  156  Montague  Street.   W,   D. , 
Brooklyn. 
MARSHAL!   S.  DRIGGS,  President. 
FREDERICK  H.  WAY.  F.  H.  DOUGLASS, 

Secretary.  General  Agent. 

W.  H.  BROWN.  B.  W.  LYON. 

Assistant  Secretaries. 

FREDERICK  M.  GUND,  Manager  Western  Dept. 

[^Policies  issued  under  provisions  of  the 
Safety  Fund  Law  of  the  State  of  New  York. 


1  "  

Billington, 
Hutchinson 

Sir  P~ 

3  SOUTH  WILLIAM  ST. 

mt?w  VOR  K 

1  n«ii iranrp  rirnKPr^  ann 

Average  Adjusters 

PHILADELPHIA  BALTIMORE 

CHICAGO              SAN  FRANCISCO 

slogan, 


Henry  Hudson  in  the  Half  Moon  discovered 
the  River  which  bears  his  name. 

Robert  Fulton  in  the  Clermont  established  a 
precedent  for  the  steam  navigation  of  water. 

Powers  Photo-Engraving  Company  first  dis- 
covered a  demand  for  speed  in  the  production 
of  halftone  and  line  plates  and  met  it.  Hence 
'Fastest  Engravers  on  Earth." 
Later  a  high  grade  of  work  was  desired.  This  was  met  about  a  year  ago  by 
the  installation  of  a  separate  high  grade  plant,  occupying  a  whole  floor  and 
manned  by  the  most  expert  craftsmen  in  the  trade.  Still  later  a  demand  for 
fine  color  work  was  felt,  and  finally  that  demand  was  met  by  the  engaging  of 
the  most  expert  color  man  in  the  country  and  putting  him  charge  of  a  corps 
of  clever  assistants. 

So  that  now  if  you  want  a  rush  job  or  a  fine  job  or  a  high  grade  color  job 
which  will  be  as  good  or  better  than  anything  you  can  get  elsewhere,  Powers  is 
the  place  to  get  it. 


POWERS  PHOTO-ENGRAVING  CO. 

THE  FASTEST  ENGRAVERS  ON  EARTH 
154  Nassau  Street  Tribune  Building 


NIGHT 


197 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


REAL  ESTATE  AND  BUILDING 


It  is  a  difficult  thing  for  the  mind  untutored 
to  realty  values  to  form  an  intelligent  idea  of 
the  vast  appreciation  of  land  on  Manhattan  Is- 
land and  the  amount  involved  in  building  im- 
provements. The  value  of  anything  depends 
upon  supply  and  demand  and  the  fact  that 
early  in  the  seventeenth  century  the  whole  of 
the  island  as  sold  for  $24  gives  a  basis  of 
value  for  colonial  times,  for  without  doubt  it 
was  worth  no  more  at  that  period.  The  mar- 
vellous increase  in  less  than  three  hundred 
years,  from  that  beggarly  pittance  to  nearly  five 
billion  dollars,  while  the  total  assessment  of 
Greater  New  York,  real  and  personal,  reaches 
the  amazing  sum  of  $7,250,500,559,  shows  a 
solid  and  wonderful  growth  and  a  record  no 
city  in  the  world  has  equalled. 

Some  idea  of  what  this  means  is  gleaned 
from  the  fact  that  the  assessed  value  of  six 
square  miles  of  Manhattan  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Central  Park  is  greater  than  the  assessed 
value  of  all  the  land  in  the  State  of  Missouri 
Values  have  increased  so  rapidly  that  in  the 
financial  section  it  is  impossible  to  erect  a 
building,  no  matter  how  tall  or  how  elaborate, 
that  will  equal  the  value  of  the  land  on  which  it 
stands. 

The  continued  and  speedy  growth  of  New 
York  City,  has  driven  heavy  manufacturing  to 
cheaper  localities  but  this  deflection  has  been 
offset  by  light  manufacturing  which  employs 
greater  capital  and  while  heavy  rentals  are 
paid  these  are  minimized  by  the  economy  of 
supervision  and  the  advantage  of  a  world  mar- 
ket. The  advent  of  this  line  of  trade  has 
brought  a  largely  increased  population  and  new 
buildings  and  added  valuations  are  the  result. 

With  the  coming  of  the  steel  corporation  to 
this  city  in  1901,  there  followed  a  notable  era 
ia  building  of  costly  office  structures,  luxurious 


apartments,  and  elaborate  private  dwellings. 
Vast  financial  interests  followed  this  gigantic 
organization  and  when  improved  transit  facili- 
ties removed  the  only  obstacle  to  the  city's  ex- 
pansion, the  entire  327  square  miles  of  its  terri- 
tory were  opened  up  and  the  value  of  real  estate 
rose  to  previously  unthought  of  prices.  The 
limit  has  not  yet  been  rached,  however,  and 
there  are  still  large  opportunities  to  be  realized 
in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  real  estate.  The 
city  has  not  reached  its  utmost  possible  expan- 
sion. The  population  is  constantly  growing  as 
the  manufacture  and  distribution  of  commod- 
ities increase.  New  York  is  the  gateway  of 
Industrial  America  and  must  not  only  retain 
its  supremacy  as  the  world's  greatest  seaport, 
but  go  on  growing.  United  States  census  fig- 
ures show  constantly  increasing  urban  growth 
and  that  large  and  important  cities  exercise 
the  strongest  power  of  attraction. 

This  means  that  new  York's  amazing  in- 
crease in  population  will  be  maintained  and 
that  fifty  years  hence  it  will  be  the  metropolis 
of  the  world  with  unlimited  riches  in  its  per- 
sonal property  and  an  assessed  valuation  of 
real  estate  that  is  hardly  computable.  Accord- 
ing to  the  Board  of  Tax  Commissioners  the 
increase  in  valuation  the  present  year  is  less 
than  $100,000,000,  while  the  normal  increase 
in  years  past  has  been  four  or  five  times  that 
amount.  This  decrease  in  due  to  several  causes. 
A  decrease  in  corporate  real  estate  of  $12,000,- 
000  and  a  decrease  of  $18,000,000  in  special 
franchise  taxes  being  due  to  decisions  of  the 
courts  reducing  the  valuations  of  many  of  the 
large  corporations  and  the  failure  of  the  city 
to  start  the  Fourth  Avenue  Subway  and  other 
projected  improvements  being  given  as  a  reason 
for  the  failure  of  real  estate  values  to  take  their 
usual  rise. 


198 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


BROKERS 

APPRAISERS 


AGENTS 
AUCTIONEERS 


Geo.  R.  Read  &  Co. 

REAL  ESTATE 

HEAD  OFFICE 
60  Liberty  Street,  -    -       Near  Broadway 

BRANCH 

3  East  35  th  Street,     -     -    Near  Fifth  Avenue 


Cable  Address 
CRUIKSHANK,  NEW  YORK 


ESTABLISHED  1794 
INCORPORATED  1903 


CRUIKSHANK  COMPANY 

SUCCESSOR  TO 

E.  A.  Cruikshank  &  Co. 

No.  141  BROADWAY 

REAL  ESTATE 


DIRECTORS 

E.  A.  Cruikshank  Robert  L.  Gerry 

Warren  Cruikshank       R.  Horace  Gallatin 
William  H.  Porter         William  L.  De  Bost 
William  B.  Harding 


OFFICERS 

WARREN  CRUIKSHANK 
President 
WILLIAM   L.  De  BOST 
Vice-President 
WILLIAM    B.  HARDING 
Secretary  and  Treasurer 


I9Q 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


BUSINESS  ESTABLISHED  1796. 


McVickar,  Gaillard  Realty  Co. 

AGENT  and  BROKER 

Main  Office,  7  Pine  Street       -       -        New  York 


BRANCH  OFFICES: 

489  Fifth  Avenue  242  E.  Houston  Street  444  Columbus  Avenue 


Private  Residences  and  Investment  Properties  in  the  Fifth 

Avenue  Section  a  Specialty. 
Country  Estates  everywhere  of  the  better  class. 


Pease  &  Elliman,  Inc. 

Real  Estate  &  Insurance 

W.  ALBERT  PEASE,  Jr.  309  Madison  Ave. 
LAWRENCE  B.  ELLIMAN            Telephone  Near  42d  Street 

0.  DE  LANCEY  COSTER  1000  Murray  Hill  156  Broadway 

ROBERT  A.  GRANNISS,  Jr.  Private  1 65  W.  72d  Street 

DOUGLAS  L.  ELLIMAN  Exchange  At  Broadway 


200 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


Charles  P.  L.  Huston         Robert  A.  Asinari 
John  Starin  Spraker 

Huston  & 
Asinari 

REAL  ESTATE 

25  LIBERTY  ST. 

ALBERT  E.  GIBBS 
CHAS.   W.  KIRBV 

GIBBS  &  KIRBY 

Real  Estate 

2705  BROADWAY,  at  103rd  St.,  NEW  YORK 

OVER  20  YEARS  IN  BUSINESS  OX  WEST  SIDE 
TELEPHONES,  RIVERSIDE  975.976 


Telephone    ggy  Columbus 

SAMUEL   H.  MARTIN 

REAL  ESTATE  AND  INSURANCE 

150  Columbus  Avenue 
New  York 

201 


John  Noble  Golding    Edward  J.  Hogan 

John  N.  Golding 
REAL  ESTATE 

9  Pine  Street  NFW  YORK 

5th  Ave.  Cor.  46th  St.  II til  IUnl\ 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


John  P.  Kirwan 

1 38  WEST  42nd  STREET 

TELEPHONE  341-342  BRYANT 


REAL 

ESTATE  and 

MORTGAGE 

LOANS 


J.  CLARENCE  DA  VIES 


Bronx  Borough  Real  Estate 


1 49th  St.  &  3rd  Avenue 
Branch :    1  56  Broadway 


Telephone:  3462  Melrose 
Telephone:    4891  Cortlandt 


D.  Y.  SWAINSON 


A.  H.  CARPENTER 


Firm  of 


C.  L.  CARPENTER 


LEONARD  J.  CARPENTER 

Real  Estate  Agents,   Brokers,  Appraisers 

25  LIBERTY  STREET,  NEW  YORK 

Branch  Office,   11S1  Third  Ave.  [bet.  68th  and  69th  Sts.] 

Entire  charge  taken  of  property 


W.  H,  Whiting,  Pres. 
Irving  Ruland,  V.  Pres. 
I.  S.  Whiting,  Secy. 
Jas.  S.  Anderson,  Treas. 


RULAND  & 
WHITING  CO. 

Real  Estate 

5  BEEKMAN  ST.,       N.  Y. 


ESTABLISHED  1867 
INCORPORATED  1902 


TELEPHONE 
1132  CORTLANDT 


Gives  Especial  Attention   to    Selling  and  Managing  BUSINESS  PROPERTY 


202 


nrnsox  i  ri/rox  cf.i.i'.hration 


S.  E.  &  M.  E.  Bcrnhcimcr 

Owners  Of  High  Class  Apartment  Houses 


Apartments  consisting  of  from  3  to  10  rooms,  renting  from  $25.  per  mo.  to  $1800  per  year. 


Lauten  &  Meyer,  Agents 

2566  Broadway  Tel. 3997 River 

Franch  Offices  :  601  W.  137th  M.  Tel.  1600  Audubon 


AMERICAN   REAL   ESTATE  COMPANY 

Owners  and  Developers  of  Park  Hill-on-the  Hudson,  "The  Suburb  Beautiful." 
Owners  and  Builders  of  "A-RE-CO"  Elevator  and  Non-elevator  Apartment  Houses 
and  Two-family  Houses.  ::::::: 
OFFER    AND  ISSUE 

A-R-E  SIX'S,  AN  IDEAL  BOND  INVESTMENT 

Based  on  the  ownership  of  New  York  Real  Estate 

AMERICAN  REAL  ESTATE  COMPANY 

FOUNDED  1888       :-:       :-:       :-:       :-:       :-:       ASSETS  OVER  ELEVEN  MILLION  DOLLARS 

527  FIFTH  AVENUE,  NEW  YORK 


F.  deR.  Wissmann 

149  Broadway,  New  York 

Telephone  1634  Cortlandt. 

REAL  ESTATE 

5.  OSGOOD  PELL  &  CO.,  Inc. 

REAL  ESTATE  BROKERS 

537  FiftH  Avenue, 

bet.  44th  and  45th  Streets 

WEST  SIDE  BRANCH  LONG  ISLAND  CITY  BRANCH 

2259  Broadway,  cor.  SJst  St.  167  Jackson  Avenue 

Estates  Managed  Money  for  Mortgages  Insurance 

CITY    AND    SUBURBAN  PROPERTY 


203 


Dr.  George  C.  Batcheller 


Dr.  George  Clinton  Batcheller,  merchant  and 
manufacturer,  is  chairman  of  the  Hospitality 
Committee  of  the  Hudson-Fulton  Celebration 
and  vice-chairman  of  the  Reception  Committee. 
Mr.  Batcheller  has  been  a  Broadway  merchant 
for  over  fifty  years  and  has  been  prominently 
associated  with  the  industrial  and  social  life  of 
New  York.  He  was  born  in  Grafton,  Mass., 
Sept.  27,  1834,  and  was  graduated  from  the 
Barre,  Vt.,  Academy.  In  1877  ne  founded  the 
firm  of  Nicholls  &  Batcheller,  which  was  later 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 

Langdon,  Batcheller  &  Co.,  manufacturers  of 
corsets,  with  a  factory  in  Bridgeport,  Conn 
The  firm  is  now  George  C.  Batcheller  &  Co., 
Incorporated.  .Mr.  I'.atcheller  is  President  of 
[lie  Crown  Perfumery  Co.,  of  London,  Paris 
and  New  York,  the  Connecticut  Clasp  Co.,  the 
Barlie  Duplex  Co.  of  New  York  and  Paris; 
vice-president  of  the  Galen  Hall  Co.  of  Atlantic 
City,  N.  J. ;  director  of  the  Provident  Savings 
Life  Assurance  Society  and  the  Delaware 
Registration  &  Transfer  Co.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Merchants'  Association  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  American  Society  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, New  England  Society,  American  In- 
stitute of  Civics,  Founders  and  Patriots  of 
America,  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution 
and  the  New  York  Historical  Society.  Among 
the  clubs  of  which  he  is  a  member  are  the 
Merchants,  Manhattan  and  Patria.  Mr. 
Batcheller  restored  the  library  of  William 
and  Mary's  College  of  Virginia,  the  oldest 
institution  of  learning  in  America,  and  was 
given  the  degee  of  L.  L.  D.  His  wife  was 
Sarah  Ann  Phillios  of  Boston. 


WE'LL 


BUY  YOUR 
SELL    YOU  OUR 


REAL  ESTATE 

or  Bronx 


Manhattan 

Send  for  booklet 

HUDSON   REALTY  COMPANY 

135  Broadway,  cor.  Cedar  St.,  N.  Y. 
M.  Morgenthau,  President       :-:  :-:  :-:       Samuel  E.  Jacobs,  Treasurer 


NEW  YORK  COMMERCIAL 

1795-H4TH  YEAR  —  1909 
The    National    Businessman's  Newspaper 

$6.00  Per  Year  outside  of  New  York  City.  $9.00  Per  Year  in  New  York  City. 


204 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


United  States  Steel  Products  Export  Co. 

EXPORTERS  OF  THE  PRODUCTS  OF 

Carnegie  Steel  Co.        American  Steel  <&,  Wire  Co. 
Illinois  Steel  Co.  American  Sheet  &  Tin  PlateCo, 

Lorain  Steel  Co.  American  Bridge  Co. 

National  Tube  Co.        Shelby  Steel  Tube  Co. 

Tennessee  Coal,  Iron  &  Railroad  Co. 


Cable  Address  :    "STEELMAKER,  NEW  YORK." 


CONDENSED  LIST  OF  PRODUCTS 

STEEL  RAILS  of  all  Standard  Sections,  in  weights  ranging  from  the  heaviest  Railways  to  the  light- 
est Mining,  Logging  and  Plantation  Rails  and  Girder  Rails  for  Electric  Tramways.  Special  Sections 
supplied  when  required  in  sufficient  quantities.    Accessories  of  Rails. 

SWITCH  MATERIAL  and  SPECIAL  WORK  for  RAILWAYS  and  TRAMWAYS. 

STRUCTURAL  MATERIAL  of  all  kinds;  Joists,  Channels,  Tees,  Angles,  etc.,  for  Bridges,  Buildings 
and  General  Constructive  Work;  Best  Quality  BESSEMER  and  BASIC  OPEN  HEARTH  STEEL  BARS 
for  all  purposes,  Rounds,  Squares,  Flats,  Ovals  and  Hexagons.  Special  Bolt,  Rivet,  and  Shafting  Iron  and 
Steel.  STEEL  SHEET  PILING,  STEEL  MINE  TIMBERS.  OIL  WELL  DERRICKS,  SCHOEN  SOLID 
FORGED  AND  ROLLED  STEEL  WHEELS. 

FORGED  AXLES  of  highest  quality  for  Locomotives,  Railroad  and  Tramway  Cars.  FORCINGS  for 
Machinery  and  Special  Purposes. 

HOOPS  for  Barrels  and  Casks,  and  TIES  for  Baling  Cotton,  Wool,  Hides,  etc. 

MILD  STEEL  PLATES  for  Ships,  Tanks,  Stacks  and  Boilers.    Flange  and  Fire  Box  Steel. 

SHEET  STEEL,  Plain  and  Corrugated,  Galvanized  or  Painted ;  Galvanized  Flat  Sheets,  "Apollo" 
Brand,  and  Black  Flat  Sheets  of  any  gauge,  width,  length  and  finish;  Range  Steel,  Tack  Plate,  Locomo- 
tive Jacket  Iron,  Patent   Planished  Sheet   Iron.  etc. 

TIN  PLATE.  Coke,  Charcoal  and  Terne  Plates  for  Cans,  Cooking  Utensils,  and  Roofing;  also  Black 
Plates  for  Tinning,  Stamping,  Show  Cards,  etc. 

Black  and  Galvanized  Standard  PIPE  and  Lapwelded  and  Seamless  TUBES  for  Boilers,  Steam,  Oil 
Wells,  Gas  and  Water  Purposes;  Tubular  Poles  for  Traction.  Lighting  and  Telegraphy;  Tubular  Goods 
for  all  purposes  and  requirements. 

Horse  and   Mule  Shoes.   Cold-Drawn   Steel  Shafting. 

STEEL  WIRE  of  all  Qualities:  Genuine  "Iowa"  and  "Glidden"  Brands  of  Barb  Wire;  Woven  Wire 
Fencing,  Telegraph  and  Telephone  Wire,  Electrical  Wires,  Wire  Rope;  WIRE  NAILS  and  Wire  Pro- 
ducts in  great  variety  and  for  every  purpose. 

PIG  IRON.  COAL  and  COKE. 


WE  SOLICIT  INQUIRIES 

Accompanied  by  exact  Specifications  stating  the  quantities  desired,  with  full 
particulars  as  to  Size,  Weight,    Finish,  Packing,    etc.,    and    the  purpose  for  which 

the    goods   are  required. 


UNITED  STATES  STEEL  PRODUCTS  EXPORT  CO.,  NEW  YORK,  U.  S.A. 

WM.  FARRELL,  President 

205 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


MARTIN  BENDER,  Pres. 

RUDOLPH  BENDER  Sec'y.  &  Treas. 

Ph.  J.  Bender  &  Sons 

i Incorporated) 

Machinists 


PRESSES,      DIES,      TOOLS  AND 
SPECIAL  MACHINERY. 

EXPERIMENTAL  WORK.  GENERAL 
MACHINE  WORK. 


87  Frankfort  Street  and 
339-34 1  Pearl  Street 

NEW  YORK 

Telephone  "585  Beekman." 


Cosgrove  Brothers 

CUT   STONE  CONTRACTORS 


57th  Street  and  North  River,  New  York 

Telephone  No.  5223,  5224  Columbus 


J.  F.  Pitz,  President 
J.  H.  Weber,  Secretary 
R.  H.  Bartsch,  Treasurer 


TELEPHONE 
1041  Hwkman. 


John  F.  Pitz,  Inc. 


PATTERNS  IN  WOOD  AND 
METAL  FOR  LIGHT  AND 
HEAVY  CASTINGS. 

MODELS  FOR  INVENTORS 
AND  PATENT  LITIGATION. 

MODERN  PLANT --EQUIP- 
PED WITH  SPECIAL  MA- 
CHINERY FOR  THE  EXE- 
CUTION OF  LARGE  CON- 
TRACTS. 

Frankfort,  -  -  Corner  Pearl  Street, 
Borough  of  Manhattan. 


EPS 


HARRY  CHEYNE  JAS.  H.  W.  CHEYNE 

No  Job  Too  Small 


HARRY  CHEYNE  &  GO. 

Carpenters  and 

Cabinetmakers 

GENERAL  CONTRACTORS 


Painting 
Masonwork 
General  Repairs 
Electric  Call  Bells 


Plastering 
Alterations 
Millwright  Work 
Locksmithing 


Office  Furniture  Repaired  and  Refinished 

JOBBING  IN  ALL  BRANCHES 

117  John  Street 


'PHONE  4026  JOHN 


NEW  YORK 


20- 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


EDW.  F.  SIBBERT 
H .  0.  SIBBERT 

Established  1869 
Phone: 

1086  Beekman 

Office  and 
Refrigerat- 
ing- Work. 

Jobbing  of 
all  kinds. 

Packing 
Boxes  made 
to  order. 


ONE   OF  THE   OFFICES  ERECTED  BY  US  IN 
FULTON  MARKET. 

HEEvSCH 

Carpenters 

131  BEEKMAN  ST. 


SOME  LAGGING  DONE  BY  I  S  ON 
ICE  MACHINE. 


SIBBERT 

and  Builders 


Near  Fulto  n\ 
i.      Market  / 


NEW  YORK 


W.D.Lewis  Company 

GENERAL  CONTRACTORS 
90  West  Street         New  York 


208 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


THOMAS  A.  LOFTUS  &  CO. 

INTERIOR  DECORATIONS 
229  West  74th  Street 

The  flight  of  time  is  no  more  noticeably  marked  than  by  a  contrast 
of  the  sumptuous  homes  of  today  with  the  simple  ones  of  the  sturdy 
Hatch  who  followed  the  intrepid  Hudson  to  Manhattan  Island. 

Decorations  or  hangings  were  unknown  at  that  time,  and  the  furni- 
ture, while  of  solid  construction,  was  plain,  stiff  and  uncomfortable. 

Today,  while  period  furniture  is  p  pular.  and  the  modern  is  elaborate 
in  design  and  finish,  there  is  a  highly  developed  blending  of  colors  and 
an  arrangement  of  interiors  that  softens  and  relieves  the  stiffness  of  the 
old  designs,  and  makes  the  room  rich  and  cozy. 

It  is  to  this  harmonizing  that  the  firm  of  Thomas  A.  Loftus  &  Co. 
have  given  close  study  and  are  able  to  make  beautiful  homes  at  the 
smallest  possible  cost. 

Everything  in  interior  decorations,  hard  wood  finishing,  and  wall 
hangings  is  done  by  this  well-known  firm,  while  all  classes  of  period 
furniture,  silver  and  bric-a-brac  are  kept  in  stock  or  manufactured  to 
order. 


Telephone  782  Spring         Established  1883 

SAMUEL  STIMMEL 

Successor  to 

THOMAS  J.  LAING 

GENERAL  MACHINIST 

WINDLASS  MANUFACTURER 

SHOP 

5  BEDFORD  ST. 

Cor.  W.  Houston  St.  NEW  YORK 


Telephone  Connection  2910  Beekman. 

M.  FiUsimons 

(Successor  to  F.  GREAVES) 

47  BEEKMAN  STREET 
NEW  YORK 

VENTILATION 

TIN,  COPPER 
AND 

SHEET    IRON  WORK 
IN  ALL  ITS 
BRANCHES 

ALL    ORDERS    PROMPTLY    ATTENDED  TO 


209 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Dictate  to  the  DICTAPHONE 

The  Picture  Tells  the  Whole  Story 


The  Busy  Man 


Doesn't  waste  a  second 
his  valuable  time 
wailing  for  a  stenographer.  He  turns  to  his  Dicta- 
phone as  he  would  to  his  telephone  and  gets  the 
thing  done.  He  talks  naturally,  just  as  he  would 
talk  if  the  man  to  whom  he  is  writing  were  sitting 
by  his  desk.  He  has  no  speed  limit.  Result: 
Letters  that  have  ginger,  letters  that  convince,  letters 
that  sell  the  goods. 


The  Operator  ^Zt^^X 

only  half  the  day  or  two  hours  at  the  day's  end.  No 
eye-strain  from  looking  on  and  off  her  notebook. 
Absolute  regulation  of  the  speed  at  whii  h  the  dicta- 
tion is  reproduced.  No  time  wasted  taking  short- 
hand notes.  No  interruption  to  take  dictation  while 
transcribing  the  mail.  She  gets  through  and  goes 
home  on  time. 


"TVi «  f  r»cf"  Doesn't  figure  at  all.  The  machine  will 
V  11C  V/Uol  cut  yOUr  correspondence  expense  in  half. 
It  won't  take  long  to  save  the  cost  of  installation.  Presi- 
dent Johnson,  of  the  American  Lumber  Company  of  Pitts- 
burg, figured  that  he  saved  the  cost  of  a  twelve-machine 
outfit  the  first  eight  months  after  it  was  installed. 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT  TOOK  A  DICTAPHONE  TO  AFRICA. 

Telephone  or  write  our  nearest  district  office  and  do  it  now, 

DICTAPHONE  COMPANY  OF  AMERICA,  290  Broadway,  New  York  City 


Philadelphia.  Land  Title  Building 
Detroit,  54-56  Lafayette  Boulevard 
Richmond.  309  Mutinl  Buildinz 
San  Francisco,  951  Van  Ness  Ave. 
Pittsburg,  100S  May  Building 


Cleveland,  420  Prospect  Ave. 
Atlanta,  Ca-.dle.  Building 
Chictgo,  Suite  1704  Heyworth  Building 
Minneapolis,  424  Nico  let  Ave. 
Toronto,  No.  40  Malinda  Street 


Boston,  178  Devonshire  Street 
Denver,  608  Kittredge  Bu  lding 
Indianapolis,  419  St  .te  Life  Building 
Cincinnati,  No.  62  Pickering  Buil  ling 
Baltimore.  Md.,  Room  637  Equitable  Bldg. 


210 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


BENCH  AND  BAR 


The  history  of  the  Bench  and  Bar  of  New  York 
dates  from  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  for 
up  to  that  period  the  laws  were  administered  under 
warrant,  first,  from  the  Holland  government  and 
afterwards  the  English  Crown. 

In  the  days  of  the  primitive  Dutch  there  was  little 
use  for  lawyers  and  courts  as  the  disputes  between 
the  colonists  were  generally  settled  without  recourse 
to  magisterial  ruling,  so  that  the  first  lawyer  who 
came  to  New  Amsterdam  from  Holland  found 
nothing  to  do  and  was  forced  to  seek  a  living  in 
other  channels.  As  the  colony  increased  in  size  this 
system  was  found  inadequate  and  trial  before  prop- 
erly appointed  individuals  under  the  Dutch  rule,  was 
the  means  by  which  all  civil  claims  or  criminal  suits 
were  settled. 

Under  English  rule  the  form  of  ministering  the 
law  was  changed  to  conform  to  the  customs  of  that 
country  and  following  the  Revolution,  the  English 
common  law  was  of  necessity  the  only  governing  in- 
fluence but  it  was  soon  found  necessary  to  materially 
modify  it. 

With  the  formation  of  a  new  government  under 
American  rule  came  the  selection  of  a  legislative 
body  and  the  passage  of  statutes  that  it  was  thought 
the  English  laws  did  not  cover. 

From  year  to  year  as  the  various  cases  arose  and 
previously  unknown  legal  problems  came  up,  the 
newly  established  courts  rendered  decisions,  which, 
however,  did  not  make  laws  as  under  English  rule, 
but  the  matters  would  be  brought  to  the  attention  of 
the  legislators,  who  made  laws  governing  future 
transgressions  of  a  like  character,  until  now  nearly 
every  phase  of  crime  or  civil  contention  is  covered  by 
a  legally  enacted  statute  which  generally  defines  the 
penalty  for  the  various  forms  of  legal  transgression. 

During  the  early  period  the  judges  and  practi- 
tioners were  men  of  learning,  being  profound  in  their 
knowledge  and  noted  for  their  interpretation  of  the 


English  common  law.  With  the  changed  conditions 
following  the  colonial  wars,  these  men  showed  rare 
intelligence  in  meeting  the  new  questions  continually 
arising. 

It  would  be  impossible  in  a  brief  story  of  the 
early  Bar  to  name  the  men  who  were  illustrious  in 
the  pre-revolutionary  period.  These  men,  the  deans 
of  the  profession  in  New  York,  imparted  a  dignity  to 
the  bar  that  has  been  upheld  by  the  generations  that 
succeeded  them,  and  while  the  history  and  traditions 
of  the  early  Bar  have  been  an  incentive  to  the  men 
of  the  present  day,  they  do  not  depend  upon  them 
for  their  eminence. 

The  changed  conditions  and  march  of  time  have 
not  altered  the  quality  of  the  Bar.  They  have 
merely  evolved  a  practitioner  and  counselor  in  keep- 
ing with  modern  times.  One  who  is  quick  in  analy- 
sis and  of  instant  decision  in  addition  to  possessing 
the  qualities  of  strict  integrity,  deep  learning  and  bril- 
liant oratory,  which  made  the  early  Bar  famous. 

In  a  body  numerically  as  large  as  New  York'* 
Bar,  there  have  been  men  of  weak  character  and 
some  who  have  been  unscrupulous  but  taken  as  a 
whole  the  quality  has  improved,  rather  than  de- 
teriorated and  the  learning  and  dignity  that  char- 
acterized the  old-time  jurist  still  survives,  while  the 
probity  has  been  jealously  guarded  and  maintained. 

A  comparison  of  present  conditions  with  the  old 
times  will  show  the  superiority  of  the  lawyer  of  to- 
day. In  the  seventeenth  century  five  thousand  dol- 
lars was  considered  a  fortune  and  the  limited  capital 
then  invested  was  productive  of  no  intricacies  calling 
for  special  skill.  To-day  there  are  scores  of  cor- 
porations with  capital  ranging  from  ten  million  to  a 
billion  and  a  half  dollars  whose  interests  have  to  be 
incessantly  guarded  by  alert  lawyers  of  great  in- 
tellect and  deep  learning,  compared  with  whom,  the 
practitioner  of  two  centuries  ago  would  appear  to 
great  disadvantage. 

r 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 

Thompson,  Vanderpoel  &       Harry  B.  Bradbury 
Freedman 


The  present  firm  of  Thompson,  Vanderpoel  &  Freed- 
man was  started  in  1848  by  the  late  J.  Bryce  Smith 
and  Aaron  J.  Vanderpoel  under  the  name  of  Smith  & 
Vanderpoel.  Later,  .Mr.  Smith  withdrew  from  the  firm 
and  in  1853  Mr.  Vanderpoel  with  the  late  A.  Oakey 
Hall  formed  the  firm  of  Hall  &  Vanderpoel,  with  N. 
Bowditch  Blunt,  who  had  recently  retired  from  the 
office  of  District  Attorney,  as  counsel.  This  arrange- 
ment continued  for  about  six  months  when  Mr.  Blunt 
died  and  shortly  thereafter  the  late  Augustus  L.  Brown 
was  admitted  as  a  member  of  the  firm,  was  associated 
with  Messrs.  Hall  &  Vanderpoel  and  the  firm  of  Brown, 
Hall  &  Vanderpoel  was  started.  This  firm  continued  in 
existence  for  more  than  twenty  years,  during  which 
time  it  was  prominently  identified  in  the  Erie  litiga- 
tions, where  it  appeared  as  counsel  for  the  various  de- 
partments of  the  City  of  New  York  and  the  most  im- 
portant litigations  of  the  day.  During  the  existence 
of  the  firm  there  were  taken  in  as  junior  members 
thereof,  James  R.  Cuming.  J.  Sterling  Smith,  Henry  W. 
Bookstaver  and  Almon  Goodwin.  In  1873  both  Mr. 
Brown  and  Mr.  Hall  retired  from  the  firm  and  ex- 
Judge  Robert  S.  Green  of  New  Jersey  came  to  New 
York  and  together  with  Mr.  Vanderpoel  formed  the 
firm  of  Vanderpoel,  Green  &  Cuming,  which  succeeded 
to  the  practice  of  the  preceding  firm.  This  firm  was 
composed  of  the  members  of  the  former  firm  of  Brown, 
Hall  &  Vanderpoel  and  also  Benjamin  W.  Franklin  and 
Charles  W.  Gould  ;  later,  in  1884,  Augustus  H.  Vander- 
poel became  a  member  thereof.  In  1885  Mr.  Gould  re- 
tired and  the  firm  name  was  again  changed  to  that  of 
Vanderpoel,  Green,  Cuming  &  Goodwin,  and  Henry 
Thompson  and  Delos  McCurdy  became  members  of  the 
firm  which  continued  without  further  change  until  the 
death  of  Mi.  A.  J.  Vanderpoel  in  August,  1887.  Shortly 
thereafter.  Judge  Green,  being  elected  Governor  of  New 
Jerse>,  withdrew  from  the  firm,  its  name  being  Van- 
redpoel,  Cuming  &  Goodwin.  Shortly  after  that  period 
Richard  W.  Freedman,  John  Yard  and  Charles  P.  Yates 
became  members  of  the  firm,  which  continued  until 
189  ,  when  Mr.  Yates  died  and  shortly  thereafter  Mr. 
McCurdy  and  Mr.  Yard  withdrew  from  the  firm.  Later, 
owing  to  the  death  of  Mr.  Cuming,  the  firm  name  was 
changed  to  Goodwin,  Thompson  &  Vanderpoel,  and  then 
to  Goodwin,  Thompson.  Vanderpoel  &  Freedman.  Later, 
owing  to  the  death  of  Mr.  Goodwin,  the  firm  name 
was  again  changed  to  Thompson.  Vanderpoel  &  Freed- 
man. under  which  name  the  firm  now  continues  prac- 
tice, being  at  present  composed  of  Henry  Thompson. 
Augustus  H.  Vanderpoel.  Richard  W.  Freedman  and 
Carleton  Sprague  Cooke. 

During  the  sixty  years  of  the  existence  of  the  orig- 
inal firm  of  Smith  &  Vanderpoel  and  its  successors,  it 
has  been  prominent  in  nearly  every  important  litiga- 
tion that  has  taken  place  in  New  York.  For  nearly 
thirty  years  they  were  counsel  for  the  Sheriff  of  the 
County  of  New  York ;  for  many  years  counsel  to  the 
Police,  Health  and  Fire  departments ;  counsel  for  the 
City  in  various  comdemnation  proceedings,  notably  the 
widening  of  Broadway  from  33d  Street  up  ;  were  prom- 
inent in  the  Erie  fights  growing  out  of  the  Gould  and 
Fisk  fight  for  control ;  were  counsel  for  Jay  Gould, 
Russell  Sage.  Henry  N.  Smith.  S.  V.  White,  Samuel 
J.  Tilden  Marshall  O.  Roberts,  and  many  others 
of  prominence ;  were  counsel  for  the  Western  Unio.i 
Telegraph  Company  and  the  Manhattan  Elevated  road 
at  the  inception  of  the  latter  ;  were  attorneys  and  coun- 
sel for  the  successful  plaintiff  in  the  litigation  arising 
out  of  the  Will  of  the  late  'Samuel  J.  Tilden  ;  counsel 
in  what  is  known  as  the  "Little  Lord  Fauntleroy"  suit 
and  many  other  prominent  cases  too  numerous  to 
mention. 


Harry  B.  Bradbury,  of  No.  60  Wall  Street,  the  author 
of  several  standard  works  on  practice  and  pleading, 
came  to  New  York  in  the  eighties.  He  was  born  in 
Bradford  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  comes  from  Pur- 
itan stock.  His  ancestors,  both  paternal  and  maternal, 
have  been  soldiers  in  practically  all  the  wars  in  which 
the  colonies  and  the  Republic  have  been  engaged,  in- 
cluding a  number  of  Indian  fights.  The  family  origin- 
ally came  from  Yorkshire,  and  first  settled  in  what  is 
now  York  County,  Maine.  Mr.  Bradbury  secured  his 
legal  education  through  his  own  efforts,  having  suc- 
cessively been  a  farm  hand,  a  machinist,  a  telegraph 
operator  and  a  newspaper  reporter.  While  doing  news- 
paper work  he  studied  law  at  odd  times.  His  latest 
book  on  pleadings  has  had  a  large  sale  and  is  a  stard- 
ard  work  in  New  York  State. 

Willard  Brown 


Among  the  members  of  the  New  York  Bar  who 
have  attained  prominence  in  the  profession  is  Willard 
Brown.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  College  but  received 
his  legal  training  at  Leipzig  University  and  Harvard 
Law-  School. 

Mr.  Brown  is  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Brown  & 
Wells,  who  are  the  Tax  Attorneys  for  the  Western 
Union  Te'egraph  Company  and  has  been  connected  as 
counsel  with  the  New  York  Central  R.  R.  Co.,  the 
Erie  Railway,  the  Standard  Oil  and  other  corpor- 
ations. 

The  firm  of  Brown  &  Wells,  in  connection  with 
Hon.  Smith  M.  Weed,  undertook  and  successfully  car- 
ried through  the  San  Domingo  loan,  which  involved 
the  construction  of  a  railway  in  the  Island  and  the 
collection  of  its  revenues,  which  were  greatly  en- 
hanced. Their  administration  culminated  in  the 
treaty  between  the  Republic  of  San  Domingo  and  the 
United  States,  under  which  the  latter  government 
now  collects  the  revenues.  Beside  their  law  practice 
the  firm  is  now  engaged  in  the  development  of  several 
industrial  enterprises. 


212 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 

J.  Arthur  Hilton 


Prominent  among  the  members  of  the  New 
York  Bar  who  have  attained  eminence  in  their  pro- 
fession, is  J .  Arthur  Hilton,  who  in  addition  to  his 
legal  attainments  has  developed  an  acumen  for  busi- 
ness and  financial  pursuits  that  places  him  among 
the  successful  men  of  the  day. 


Mr.  Hilton  was  born  in  Cohoes,  N.  Y.,  and 
was  educated  at  Colgate  University,  Hamilton. 
Madison  Co.,  in  this  state.  He  graduated  from 
that  institution  of  learning  with  the  degree  of  Ph.B. 
and  B.  S.  and  afterward  secured  the  degree  of 
B.  L.  from  the  New  York  Law  School,  from  which 
he  graduated  with  honors. 

His  home  being  in  Brooklyn,  Mr.  Hilton  was 
admitted  to  the  Kings  County  Bar  and  at  once  took 
up  the  practice  of  his  profession,  beinc  remarkably 
successful  even  at  the  commencement  of  his  career. 

Before  he  could  cast  a  vote  Mr.  Hilton  was 
deeply  interested  in  politics.  At  college  when  but 
eighteen  years  of  age  he  was  an  editor  on  the 
"College  Republican"  and  gained  much  reputation 
as  a  speaker  of  force. 


After  his  admission  to  the  bar  he  threw  rum- 
self  actively  into  campaign  work  and  became  one  of 
the  most  prominent  figures  in  Brooklyn  politics.  In 
consequence  of  his  activity  along  this  line,  together 
with  his  acknowledged  fitness,  Mr.  Hilton  has  been 
tendered  the  nomination  for  several  prominent  public 
positions,  but  could  never  be  induced  to  relinquish 
his  legal  and  business  career  for  a  political  one. 

He  is  at  present  a  member  of  the  1  8th  Assem- 
bly District  Committee  and  of  the  Kings  County 
Republican  Committee  and  has  presided  at  several 
judiciary  and  other  conventions. 

At  present  he  is  not  so  active  in  the  actual 
fights  of  Kings  County  but  acts  more  in  an  advisory 
capacity. 

For  twelve  years  Mr.  Hilton  has  been  en- 
gaged in  trial  work  and  during  that  period  he  has 
been  counsel  for  many  leading  railroads  and  has  fig- 
ured prominently  in  various  large  negotiations  and 
all  classes  of  litigation. 

Although  the  bulk  of  the  cases  were  claims, 
there  was  one  that  he  fought  successfully  that  in- 
volved the  sum  of  $250,000  through  breach  of  con- 
tract. 

Having  attained  success  in  this  branch  of  his 
profession.  Mr.  Hilton  devoted  his  entire  time  to  it 
and  at  present  represents,  in  addition  to  his  railway 
clients,  some  of  the  most  prominent  insurance  com- 
panies doing  business  in  New  York  City.  He  is 
also  largely  interested  in  one  of  the  leading  processes 
for  making  and  developing  moving  pictures  and  the 
machines  used  for  that  purpose. 

He  is  an  ardent  sportsman  and  every  year 
throws  aside  business  cares  for  a  trip  to  a  beautiful 
camp  and  shooting  lodge  which  he  owns  in  St.  Law- 
rence County  in  the  Adirondacks. 

He  also  owns  an  800  acre  farm  in  Dutchess 
County,  where  he  raises  prize  cattle  and  food  prod- 
ucts, at  a  profit,  which  proves  that  business  methods 
apply  to  agriculture,  as  well  as  to  any  other  pursuit. 

Mr.  Hilton  is  a  trustee  of  the  Greenwich  Bap- 
tist Church,  Brooklyn,  a  bank  director,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  being  largely  interested 
in  Shrine  and  Commandery  work.  He  also  belongs 
to  the  Lawyers  Club  and  the  Union  League  of 
Brooklyn  and  until  January  1st,  1909,  was  presi- 
dent of  the  strong  Invincible  Club  of  that  city.  Among 
the  organizations  to  which  he  belongs  Mr.  Hilton  is 
popular  because  of  his  cheerful  temperament  and 
ability  to  entertain. 

This  last  accomplishment  adds  greatly  to  his 
versatility, — Lawyer.  Financier,  Manufacturer, 
Clubman,  Farmer,  Politician,  Churchman  and 
Sportsman,  is  a  rare  combination,  but  when  Racon- 
teur is  added  it  is  the  mark  of  good  fellowship  and 
popularity  which  Mr.  Hilton  enjoys. 


213 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


The  Practice  of 

The  growth  of  commercial  law  practice  ;n 
the  last  thirty  years  has  been  marvelous  and 
is  of  course  the  direct  result  of  business  expan- 
sion due  to  the  increased  extension  of  credit 
and  the  universal  desire  to  conduct  business 
<m  a  larger  scale. 

Previous  to  this  time  the  facilities  for  col- 
lecting past  clue  accounts  were  very  limited. 
It  interfered  somewhat  with  credits  at  a  dis- 
tance owing  to  the  lack  of  these  facilities.  The 
attorneys  in  the  past  were  not  versed  in  the 
methods  of  quick  action  and  many  accounts 
were  placed  in  the  hands  of  persons  who  were 
not  attorneys  but  who  simply  had  a  persistent 
way  of  dunning. 

The  mode  of  procedure  is  very  different 
today.  There  are  now  employed  in  the  service 
men  who  have  made  the  practice  of  commercial 
law  their  life  study,  and  subordinates  who  are 
trained  specialists  having  at  hand  every  con- 
ceivable aid  of  the  modern  office.  Instead  of 
leaving  such  matters  to  the  attention  of  a  law 
student  they  are  now  handled  by  men  naturally 
fitted  for  the  work  who  do  nothing  else  and  in 
the  case  of  business  being  sent  out  of  the  city 
the  modern  lawyer  does  not  trust  to  luck  that 
his  correspondent  will  account  for  the  proceeds 
as  did  his  predecessor  but  instead,  has  the 
services  of  correspondents  in  every  city  and 
town  who  is  recommended  and  whose  faithful- 
ness and  honesty  is  guaranteed  by  one  or  more 
of  the  prominent  surety  companies. 

The  modern  law  office  has  been  called  a  law 
factory  and  the  comparison  is  not  wrong  when 
one  considers  the  vast  detail  and  system  which 
enables  it  to  run  so  smoothly.  Where  former 
practitioners  wrote  letters  the  telegraph  and 
telephone  are  now  used.  In  these  times  of 
extensive  credits  with  firms  endeavoring  to  do 
too  much  business  on  too  little  capital  men  must 
form  judgments  speedily  and  act  quickly  upon 
them.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  commercial 
lawyer  and  to  meet  emergencies  the  modern 
office  must  have  many  men  ready  to  go  any 
distance  that  is  necessary  and  capable  of  acting 
upon  matters  on  a  moment's  notice. 


Commercial  Law  I 

It  is  the  era  of  specialists.  Thus  an  office 
must  have  a  lawyer  trying  nothing  but  cases 
in  the  lower  courts,  another  devoting  his  time 
to  the  courts  of  record,  still  another  to  the 
bankruptcy  courts,  another  in  charge  of  cor- 
respondence and  so  on  through  all  the  details. 

With  the  increased  volume  of  business  there 
has  been  an  increased  competition  and  many 
persons  not  lawyers  have  entered  the  field 
either  in  a  personal  or  corporate  capacity.  The 
so-called  collection  agencies  are  usually  cor- 
porations and  many  evils  have  crept  into  the 
practice  because  of  such  fact.  So  pronounced 
have  these  evils  become  that  the  New  York 
Legislature  last  winter  passed  a  law  making  il 
a  misdemeanor  for  a  corporation  to  practice 
law  or  furnish  attorneys  and  while  its  effect  is 
not  yet  apparent  the  reason  of  its  passage  is 
obvious  and  it  will  no  doubt  operate  for  the 
good  of  both  the  merchant  and  the  lawyer  hi 
elevating  the  standard  of  the  commercial 
lawyer. 

It  goes  without  saying  that  a  lawyer  who  by 
his  profession  is  an  officer  of  the  court  and 
whose  personal  reputation  and  integrity  are  at 
all  times  at  stake  must  necessarily  give  better 
service  than  a  corporation  whose  members  are 
not  attorneys  and  therefore  not  amenable  to 
the  ethics  of  the  profession.  It  is  very  easy, 
therefore,  to  realize  the  importance  of  having 
a  law  firm  to  handle  litigation,  and  not  a  collec- 
tion agency. 

The  best  service,  of  course,  can  always  be 
given  by  a  firm  that  has  a  large  force,  and  has 
business  enough  to  make  it  worth  while  to  give 
especial  attention  to  this  branch  of  the  law. 
Naturally  the  more  business  the  commercial 
lawyers  handle  the  more  expert  they  become, 
and  the  better  is  their  judgment  in  the  accept- 
ance and  rejection  of  compromise  offers,  and  the 
decisions  which  they  must  make  /sometimes 
twenty  times  a  day,  whether  to  sue,  or  file  a 
petition  in  bankruptcy,  or  give  a  party  time  in 
order  to  meet  some  claim  which  has  been  placed 
with  them. 

4 


HUDSON-FULTON 

Truax  &  Watson 

Truax  &  Watson,  of  No.  141  Broadway,  Bor 
ough  of  Manhattan,  is  one  of  the  best  known  firms 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  commercial  law  in  the 
city  of  New  York.  Arthur  D.  Truax  and  Edwin 
A.  Watson  became  associated  as  law  partners  in 
September  1900;  with  offices  at  No.  141  Broadway, 
where  they  are  at  present  situated.  The  business 
of  the  firm  has  grown  so  steadily,  that  the  office 
space  required  at  the  present  time  is  more  than 
double  that  occupied  in  1900. 

Arthur  D.  Truax,  the  senior  member  of  the 
firm,  whose  father  is  the  Hon.  Charles  H.  Truax, 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  has  been  a  member  on  many  commissions, 
and  has  acted  as  referee  in  a  large  number  of 
c  .ses  sent  to  him  for  hearing  by  Justices  of  the 
Supreme   Court   sitting  in   New  York  County. 

Edwin  A.  Watson,  before  his  admission  to 
the  bar,  was  for  some  years  secretary  to  Justice 
Truax.  In  1004,  Mr  Watson  was  nominated  by 
the  Democratic  party  as  its  candidate  from  the 
Eighth  Senatorial  District  for  Senator.  This  dis- 
trict is  known  as  the  Republican  stronghold  of 
Kings  County,  but  Mr.  Watson,  making  a  strong 
fight,  in  a  year  when  Theodore  Roosevelt  carried 
to  victory  with  him  nearly  all  the  Republican 
candidates,  met  with  defeat  by  the  narrowest  of 
margins.  Charles  Cramer  :.nd  Isaac  H.  Levy,  who 
has  made  a  name  for  himself  as  a  most  able 
trial  attorney,  have  been  members  of  the  firm  for 
several  years,  and  have  contributed  much  to  its 
success. 

Truax  &  Watson  are  attorneys  for  a  large 
number  of  New  York,  Brooklyn,  and  New  Jersey 
firms,  and  they  have  made  themselves  known  as 
one  of  the  leading  firms  engaged  in  the  practice 
cf  commercial  law,  they  have  also  been  largely 
occupied  in  the  general  law  practice,  meeting  with 
marked  success,  notably  in  the  case  known  as  the 
Union  Street  litigation,  in  which  they  recovered 
for  properly  owners  in  Union  Street,  Brooklyn, 
substantial  judgments  for  damages  caused  by  the 
construction  and  operation  of  a  street  surface  elec- 
tric  railway,  which  have  been  affirmed  on  appeal. 


CELEBRATION 


Hastings  &  Gleason 

The  firm  of  Hastings  &  Gleason  was 
formed  about  twenty-eight  years  ago  and 
was  originally  composed  of  Col.  George 
S.  Hastings  and  Albert  H.  Gleason. 
Marvyn  Mackenzie  was  afterwards  ad- 
mitted to  the  firm  and  it  remained  the 
same  until  the  death  of  Col.  Hastings. 

The  firm  has,  during  its  existence,  been 
actively  engaged  in  general  practice,  being 
attorneys  for  various  corporations,  banks 
and  general  counsel  for  a  number  of  the 
Boards  of  Trade. 

As  the  counsel  for  a  large  number  of 
mercantile  houses  the  firm  years  ago 
established  a  commercial  department  in 
the  office  having  a  large  number  of  em- 
ployees in  this  special  department  and 
owing  to  the  fact  that  such  a  large 
volume  of  business  has  been  forwarded 
by  them  to  various  attorneys  throughout 
the  United  States,  at  the  present  rime 
they  are  representing  a  great  many  attor- 
neys having  business  in  New  York. 

Mr.  Albert  H.  Gleason  after  studying 
law  with  Judge  Nutting  at  Oswego,  New- 
York,  came  to  New  York  and  associated 
himself  with  Col.  Hastings.  Mr.  Gleason 
has  always  been  an  active  Republican 
being  among  the  oldest  members  of  the 
Republican  Club  of  the  City  of  New  York 
and  at  the  present  time  is  President  of 
the  West  Side  Republican  Club.  He  is 
also  Vice-President  of  the  Chesapeake- 
Western  Railroad  Company  and  director 
in  a  number  of  business  corporations. 

Mervyn  Mackenzie  is  a  native  of 
British  India.  He  was  for  a  number  of 
years  a  member  of  the  Canadian  Bar  and 
in  active  practice  in  Toronto.  He  came 
to  New  York  in  1S98  and  became  asso- 
ciated with  the  firm  of  Hastings  & 
Gleason. 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 

MEN  OF  NOTE 


In  attaining  place  as  the  first  city  in  the  United 
States  and  in  the  onward  stride  that  will  make  it  the 
Metropolis  of  the  world.  New  York  has  been  aided 
by  men  of  the  strongest  character,  the  greatest  in- 
tellectual ability,  and  wonderful  constructiveness. 
Men  who  have  had  the  brains  to  conceive  and  the 
energy  to  execute ;  who,  in  the  early  days,  even  as 
now,  saw  the  possibilities  of  future  greatness  and  con- 
tributed their  strength  and  ability  to  attain  the 
coveted  goal. 

All  great  cities  exert  a  magnetic  power  in  attract- 
ing men  from  every  quarter — men  of  brain  and 
brawn,  who  are  desirous  of  making  a  name  and  place 
for  themselves  and  see  greater  possibilities  in  large 
communities.  That  is  one  reason  why  New  York  has 
always  been  noted  for  men  of  great  intellect  and  rare 
executive  ability.  The  best  come  here  to  avail  them- 
selves of  superior  chances  and  the  native  born,  al- 
though in  the  minority,  are  equally  strong  and  op- 
timistic and  thoroughly  capable  and  energetic.  The 
combination  of  these  two  classes  presents  a  formid- 
able fighting  front — one  that  has  never  fallen  behind, 
but  has  rather  kept  advancing  until  the  supremacy  of 
the  city  is  acknowledged,  and  just  praise  given  the 
men  who  have  and  now  are  making  the  winning 
fight. 

In  every  profession,  corporation,  manufacturing 
plant  or  wholesale  and  retail  mercantile  establish- 
ment are  men  of  rare  executive  ability.  The  op- 
portunity of  attaining  greatness  may  not  come  to 
some  of  these  but  they  are  of  the  strong,  go-ahead 
kind  and  the  sum  total  of  their  efforts  has  been  the 
production  of  a  city  that  is  a  recognized  world 
power. 

The  financial  field  offers  a  fitting  illustration  of 
the  intellectual  strength  of  the  men  of  the  hour. 
There  is  not  a  spot  on  the  face  of  the  civilized 


world  that  does  not  feel  the  pulsation  of  Wall  street. 
Here  are  grouped  the  most  able  capitalists  of  any 
age,  who  play  with  millions  as  a  child  would  with 
toys,  and  direct  gigantic  undertakings  that  startle 
and  amaze.  In  the  commercial  world  it  is  the  same. 
The  business  is  not  as  colossal  as  that  of  the  finan- 
cier, but  the  same  acumen  and  foresight  is  a  strong 
requisite  and  the  success  of  the  merchant  and  manu- 
facturer of  the  city  is  an  indication  that  they  are 
strong  on  these  essential  qualifications. 

In  the  direction  of  shipping  and  transportation  in- 
terests men  of  the  same  mental  calibre  appear,  and  in 
art,  music  and  the  allied  professions,  New  York  is 
not  behind.  There  are  here  college  professors  who 
have  by  scientific  research  made  world-wide  repu- 
tations; artists  whose  works  are  accepted  as  the  best 
of  modern  times,  and  architects  who  have  designed 
structures  that  have  made  them  famous. 

In  engineering,  the  city  stands  ahead  of  the  world. 
In  this  profession  are  men  whose  works  dot  the  sur- 
face of  the  globe  and  stand  as  monuments  to  Amei- 
ican  skill.  They  have  as  a  class  contributed  more  to 
the  development  of  the  age  than  any  other  set  of 
men.  They  have  made  the  jungles  of  the  world 
passable  and  converted  the  deserts  into  livable  spots ; 
created  cities  where  once  were  sand  wastes  and  by 
bridging  chasms  and  tunnelling  mountains,  have 
brought  the  fartherest  ends  of  the  earth  in  compara- 
tively close  communication. 

The  mining  engineers  of  the  city  have  operated  in 
every  possible  corner  where  metal  exists.  They  have 
scoured  every  nook  in  Mexico  and  South  America 
and  have  gone  as  far  afield  as  South  Africa,  where 
many  of  them  have  been  connected  with  some  of  the 
greatest  European  mining  operations  and  returned 
with  reputations  that  are  the  envy  of  every  European 
engineer. 

New  York  should  surely  be  proud  of  the  intel- 
lectual giants  that  have  made  her  famous  throughout 
the  world. 

6 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


NIKOLA  TESLA 


Nikola  Tesla,  electriqal  engineer  and  inven- 
tor, was  born  in  Austria-Kungary  in  1857  and 
received  his  early  training  in  the  elementary  and 
lower  Realschnle  in  Lika  and  later  graduated 
from  the  higher  Realschnle  in  Carlstadt,  Cro- 
atia. His  technical  training  was  at  the  Poly- 
technic School,  Gratz,  Austria,  and  the  Univer- 
sity of  Prague,  Bohemia. 

Mr.  Tesla's  career  as  an  electrician  began  at 
Budapest,  Hungary,  in  1881,  when  his  first 
electrical  invention,  a  telephone  repeater,  was 
produced.   He  perfected  many  devices  along  the 


TESLA  LABORATORY,  LONG  ISLAND,  N.  Y. 

same  line  and  his  success  led  him  to  the  wider 
fields  of  France  and  Germany.  He  came  to  the 
United  States  in  1884  and  since  that  time  has 
added  year  by  year  to  the  number  of  his  elec- 
trical inventions  in  the  field  of  production  and 
transmission  of  light  and  power  and  has  added 
greatly  to  the  knowledge  and  uses  of  electrical 
energy. 

For  years  after  becoming  a  citizen  of  this 
country,  Mr.  Tesla  devoted  himself  assiduously 
to  his  profession  and  achieved  lasting  fame  and 
an  international  reputation  in  presenting  to  the 


American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers  his 
discovery  of  the  rotating  magnetic  field,  which 
is  now  universally  adopted  in  the  electric  trans- 
mission of  power.  A  few  years  later  he  dis- 
closed, among  other  advances,  his  invention 
known  as  the  Tesla  transformer,  now  indis- 
pensable in  wireless  telegraphy.  The  degree  of 
LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Columbia 
University  in  recognition  of  this  achievement. 
Shortly  after  he  presented  in  a  lecture  before 
the  National  Electric  Light  Association  and  the 
Franklin  Institute  the  plan  of  his  wireless  sys- 
tem and  received  the  Cresson  Gold  Medal. 

While  honors  have  come  to  Mr.  Tesla  by  rea- 
son of  his  many  successes,  the  most  notable 
conferred  upon  him  was  a  resolution  of  the 
professors  of  the  Polytechnic  School  in  Vienna, 
which  has  been  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor. 
By  this  resolution  Mr.  Tesla  is  made  honorary 
director  of  the  institution  and  Doctor  of  Tech- 
nical Sciences.  The  diploma  is  given  to  him  "as 
a  recognition  of  extraordinary  merit  in  the  lay- 
ing of  scientific  foundations  and  working  out  of 
technical  principles,  and,  in  particular,  for  his 
invention  of  apparatus  which  is  now  of  the 
greatest  significance  in  the  electric  transmission 
of  power  and  wireless  telegraphy." 

Mr.  Tesla  is  an  honorary  member  of  numer 
ous   institutions,   societies   and    academies  of 
science  and  has  received  in  every  part  of  the 
world  the  highest  recognition  for  his  achieve- 
ments. 

This  fame  will,  however,  seem  insignificant 
when  compared  to  that  which  is  bound  to  crown 
his  latest  work.  This  it  is  stated  from  a  reli- 
able source  is  the  recent  perfection  of  a  new 
principle  of  propulsion  which  promises  to  revo- 
lutionize ocean  travel. 
217 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Niels  Poulson 

Born  in  Denmark,  February  27th,  1843,  and  was  educated  there  as  an 
architect  and  builder.  Came  to  this  country  in  1864,  and  for  about  two  years 
worked  as  a  mason;  was  then  employed  by  the  Government  as  a  draftsman 
in  the  office  of  the  Supervising  Architect  in  Washington,  and  at  the  end  of 
two  years,  resigned  from  this  position  because  of  a  desire  to  locate  in  New 
York  and  make  a  study  of  architectural  iron  work.  Was  employed  for  eight 
years  by  the  Architectural  Iron  Works  of  New  York,  and  during  that  time, 
(fov  about  seven  years)  had  charge  of  the  achitectural  and  engineering  de- 
partment connected  with  the  works.  In  1 876  he  started  in  business  for  him- 
self on  a  very  small  scale  but  with  a  view  towards  introducing  a  higher  grade 
of  work  than  was  then  prevalent.  Mr.  Charles  M.  Eger,  who  had  been  with 
Mr,  Poulson  (as  draftsman)  at  the  Architectural  Iron  Works,  came  to  Mr. 
Poulson  in  a  similar  capacity,  and,  after  the  business  was  fairly  started,  was 
taken  in  as  a  partner  under  the  firm  name  of  Poulson  &  Eger.  They  im- 
mediately endeavored  to  increase  the  mechanics'  knowledge  of  the  business  and 
to  encourage  and  instill  in  them  a  liking  for  better  work;  they  established  in 
connection  with  the  business,  an  Evening  School  for  drafting  for  the  benefit 
of  the  employees;  which  proved  a  great  success,  and  in  a  few  years  served  to 
establish  a  grade  of  work  for  building  purposes  far  in  advance  of  what  had 
been  used  before.  For  many  years  there  were  no  competitors,  since  then, 
however,  many  of  the  men  who  had  been  trained  in  their  office  and  the  works, 
started  in  for  themselves  or  have  been  employed  by  other  concerns  so  that  the 
grade  of  work  introduced  by  Poulson  &  Eger  is  now  well  established  in  this 
country. 

The  School  of  Mines,  some  few  years  ago,  made  a  comparison  between 
European  and  American  Iron  Work  and  came  to  the  conclusion  that  in  such 
work  this  country  is  far  ahead  of  the  rest  of  the  world  and  they  were  good 
enough  to  give  this  concern  full  credit  for  establishing,  in  this  country,  the 
present  high  class  of  work.  The  Hecla  Iron  Works,  (formerly  Poulson 
&  Eger)  is  the  pioneer  in  introducing  better  metals  and  better  work,  and  Mr. 
Poulson  and  Mr.  Eger  have  been  exceedingly  well  rewarded  in  their  efforts 
to  improve  the  business  in  which  they  have  been  engaged. 


218 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 

JOHN  HAYES  HAMMOND 


Among  the  men  who  have  attained 
eminence  in  the  field  of  engineering  is  John 
Hayes  Hammond,  whose  work  as  a  min- 
ing expert  has  led  him  into  every  corner  of 
the  globe  and  on  one  occasion  into  compli- 
cations that  almost  led  to  his  execution. 

Mr.  Hammond  was  born  in  San  Fran- 
cisco and  received  his  early  education  in 
the  schools  of  that  city.  His  technical 
training  was  obtained  at  the  Sheffield  Scien" 
tific  School,  Yale,  from  which  he  received 
the  degree  of  Ph.  B.  His  mining  course 
was  taken  at  the  Royal  School  of  Mines, 
Freiburg,  Saxony,  and  the  other  degrees  he 
has  received  are  A.  M.  from  Yale  and 
Honorary  Doctor  of  Engineering  from  the 
Stevens  Institute  of  Technology. 

After  graduation  Mr.  Hammond  entered 
actively  into  the  work  of  his  provision,  one 
of  his  earliest  positions  of  prominence  being 
his  engagement  as  special  expert  to  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  examining 
the  gold  fields  of  California. 


He  later  turned  his  attention  to  Mexican 
mines  and  afterwards  became  consulting  en- 
gineer for  the  Union  Iron  Works,  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  to  the  Central  and  Southern  Pa- 
cific Railways.  Mr.  Hammond  has  exam- 
ined properties  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and 
while  in  South  Africa  became  consulting 
engineer  for  Barnato  Brothers,  and  after- 
wards for  Cecil  Rhodes,  of  whom  he  was 
a  strong  supporter.  While  in  this  part  of 
the  world  Mr.  Hammond  acted  as  consult- 
ing engineer  for  the  Consolidated  Gold 
Fields,  the  British  South  Africa  Co.  and 
the  Randfonteine  Estates  Gold  Mining 
Company. 

After  the  Jameson  raid  in  the  Transvaal 
in  1 895-96,  which  was  an  incident  of  the 
reform  movement  of  which  he  was  one  of 
the  four  leaders,  he  was  sentenced  to 
death,  but  this  sentence  was  afterwards 
commuted  to  25  years'  imprisonment. 
After  discussion  and  negotiations  between 
the  interested  governments,  Mr.  Hammond 
was  released  upon  the  payment  of  a  fine  of 
$125,000,  and  immediately  departed  for 
London,  where  he  at  once  became  largely 
interested  in  mining  companies.  He  returned 
to  the  United  States  shortly  afterwards  and 
has  since  been  busily  engaged  in  examining 
mines  in  this  country  and  in  Mexico. 

Mr.  Hammond  has  been  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  scientific  journals  and  has  lec- 
tured at  Columbia,  Harvard  and  Johns- 
Hopkins  Universities,  and  the  Stevens  School 
of  Technology.  He  is  a  fellow  of  the  A. 
A.  A.  S.  and  is  a  member  of  the  Metropoli- 
tain,  Century,  Engineers,  Explorers.  Rac" 
quet  and  Tennis,  University  and  New  York 
Yacht  Clubs  of  this  city;  the  Chevy  Chase. 
Cosmos  and  Metropolitan  of  Washington, 
D.  C. ;  the  Country  Club  of  Lakewood,  N. 
J.;  University  of  Denver;  Union  and  Uni- 
versity Clubs  of  Boston;  the  University  of 
Salt  Lake  City;  University  and  Pacific  Un- 
ion of  San  Francisco,  and  the  Carlton  of 
London. 

Mr.  Hammond's  offices  are  at  No.  71 
Broadway. 


219 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 

Alfred  Chester  Beatty 


ALFRED    CHESTER  BEATTY 

Alfred  Chester  Beatty,  consulting  engineer, 
was  born  in  New  York  City,  February  7th, 
1875,  son  of  John  Cuming  and  Hetty  (Bull) 
Beatty.  He  received  a  thorough  education 
both  in  private  schools  at  Dobbs  Ferry,  N.  Y., 
and  at  Columbia  University,  being  graduated 
from  the  School  of  Mines  there  in  1898.  He 
then  took  a  special  course  in  engineering  at 
Princeton  University,  and  entered  upon  the 
practice  of  his  profession  at  Denver,  Colorado, 
as  a  consulting  engineer.  He  was  engaged  in 
general  engineering  work  throughout  the 
western  part  of  the  United  States,  Mexico  and 
Alaska  until  1900.  When  John  Hayes  Ham- 
mond, the  mining  expert,  returned  from  Africa 
in  that  year,  Mr.  Beatty  took  Charge  of  all  his 
work  in  America.  In  1903,  he  was  appointed 
Consulting  Engineer  and  Assistant  General 
Manager  of  the  Guggenheim  Exploration  Com- 
pany, his  principal  line  of  work  being  first  the 
operation  of  their  properties.    This  department 

220 


he  soon  gave  up  and  devoted  the  greater  part 
of  his  time  to  the  examination  and  purchase  of 
properties  for  them.  Among  the  properties  pur- 
chased were  the  Esperanza  Limited,  of  Mexico, 
the  largest  and  biggest  gold  producer  in  Mexico, 
Utah  Copper  Company,  Nevada  Consolidated 
Copper  Company,  and  Cumberland  Ely  Copper 
Company. 

Mr.  Beatty  took  charge  of  the  negotiations 
with  the  King  of  Belgium  which  resulted  in  the 
formation  of  the  "Societe  Internationale  Fore- 
stiere  et  Miniere  du  Congo."  This  Company 
controls  an  area  of  500,000  square  miles  in  the 
Congo  Free  State,  and  at  present  is  exploring 
the  country.  In  addition  to  his  position  as 
Director,  he  has  charge  of  the  technical  com- 
mittee, being  its  chairman. 

Air.  Beatty  is  director  of  the  Inter-continen- 
tal Rubber  Co.,  president  of  the  American 
Congo  Co.,  director  and  member  of  executive 
committee  of  the  Ray  Consolidated  Copper  Co , 
director  and  member  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  Chino  Copper  Co.,  consulting 
engineer  of  the  Utah  Copper  Co.  and  assistant 
consulting  engineer  of  the  Camp  Bird  Limited. 

Mr.  Beatty  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  the  Society  of 
Colonial  Wars,  and  the  Sons  of  the  American 
Revolution.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Metro 
politan  Club,  the  University  Club,  the  Lawyers 
Club,  and  the  Engineers  Club,  of  New  York 
City,  the  Denver  and  University  Clubs,  of  Den- 
ver, and  the  Alta  Club,  of  Salt  Lake  City.  He 
was  married  at  Denver,  Colorado,  in  April, 
1900,  to  Grace  Madelin,  daughter  of  Alfred 
Rickard  of  London,  England ;  and  has  one 
daughter,  Ninette,  an  one  son,  Alfred  Chester 
Beatty,  Jr. 

He  'has  recently  opened  independent  offices 
in  New  York  as  Consulting  Engineer,  and  is 
devoting  his  time  to  the  interests  mentioned  and 
to  the  development  of  new  properties. 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 

FRANK  KLEPETKO 


Frank  Klepetko,  Consulting  Engineer,  was 
born  in  Bohemia  in  1856.  His  parents  emi- 
grated to  the  United  States  in  1867,  ar>d  settled 
in  Cleveland,  Ohio.  He  attended  the  Cleveland 
public  schools,  graduating  from  the  High  School 
in  1875.  He  obtained  his  degree  of  Engineer 
of  Mines  at  the  School  of  Mines,  Columbia 
University,  in  1880. 

From  1880  to  1882  he  was  employed  by  the 
Conglomerate  Mining  Company  of  Michigan. 
He  then  entered  the  employ  of  A.  S.  Bigelow 
of  Boston,  Mass.,  and  his  associates,  in  their 
various  mining  and  smelting  enterprises  in 
Michigan,  the  principal  ones  of  which  were: 
The  Tamarack,  Osceola,  and  Kearsarge  Min- 
ing Companies,  the  Hancock  and  Calumet  Rail- 
road, and  the  Dollar  Bay  Smelting  Works. 

In  1891  he  was  transferred  by  Mr.  Bigelow 
to  Montana,  to  complete  the  construction  of  the 
Great  Falls  Smelter  for  the  Boston  &  Mon- 
tana C.  C.  &  S.  Mining  Company,  and  when 
this  was  finished,  he  remained  there  to  super- 
intend the  operation  of  the  plant.  Many  dif- 
ficulties had  to  be  overcome  and  many  prob- 
lems solved  to  bring  the  plant  to  its  high  de- 
gree of  economy  and  efficiency.  Among  these 
we  can  mention :  the  improvement  of  wet  con- 
centration methods  for  ores,  effecting  higher 
savings;   development  of   a  satisfactory  and 


economical  calcining  furnace;  the  gasifying  of 
high  ash  coal ;  the  application  of  gas  to  rever- 
berator}- smelting  of  copper  ore  calcines ;  the 
development  and  application  of  the  blast  fur- 
nace to  semipyritic  smelting  of  raw  copper  ores, 
including  the  mechanical  charging  of  same;  the 
development  of  the  direct  converter  process  for 
copper  mattes,  i.  e.  the  bringing  of  molten  cop- 
per mattes  direct  from  the  furnace  to  the  con- 
verter, without  intermediate  solidifying  and  re- 
melting;  the  improvement  of  the  parallel  system 
of  electrolytic  copper  refining,  and  the  devel- 
opment and  improvement  of  mechanical  ap- 
pliances in  all  departments.  These  improve- 
ments put  this  plant  so  far  ahead  of  similar 
plants,  that  it  became  the  model  plant,  and  its 
improvements  were  copied  by  copper  metal- 
lurgists generally. 

In  1896  he  was  appointed  to  the  general  man- 
agement of  the  Boston  &  Montana  and  the 
Butte  &  Boston  mining  companies,  which  later 
were  absorbed  by  the  Amalgamated  Copper 
Company.  In  addition  to  these  duties,  he  was 
appointed  in  1900,  manager  of  the  Anaconda 
Company's  Reduction  Works.  In  1902  he  re- 
signed his  active  Montana  positions,  in  order 
to  take  up  consulting  work  in  New  York,  and 
he  has  been  so  employed  ever  since. 

Under  his  supervision  and  management,  the 
great  Copper  Smelting  Works  at  Great  Falls, 
Montana,  the  Utah  Consolidated  Smelter  at 
Salt  Lake,  the  Michigan  Smelting  Company's 
Smelter  at  Houghton,  Michigan,  the  Cerro  de 
Pasco  Smelter  in  Peru,  and  the  Anaconda 
Smelter,  of  the  Amalgamated  Copper  Company, 
have  been  constructed.  The  latter  is  the  largest, 
the  most  complete  and  the  most  economical  plant 
of  its  kind  in  the  world.  All  of  these  smelters 
are  operating  very  successfully,  and  with  the 
highest  economy. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Columbia  University 
Club,  the  Engineers'  Club,  the  American  In- 
stitute of  Mining  Engineers,  the  Institution  of 
Mining  and  Metallurgy,  the  North  of  England 
Institute  of  Mining  and  Mechanical  Engineers, 
and  the  Montana  Society  of  Engineers. 

While  in  Peru  for  the  Cerro  de  Pasco  Min- 
ing Company,  Mr.  Klepetko  became  convinced 
of  the  opportunities  for  profitable  mining  in  that 
country,  and  of  the  assured  tremendous  in- 
crease in  the  development  of  its  mineral  re- 
sources, as  soon  as  the  Panama  Canal  is  finished. 
With  this  in  view  he  acquired  there  many  mining 
properties,  and  is  now  raising  capital  to  develop 
them.  He  has  an  office  in  Lima,  the  capital  of 
Peru,  and  also  at  No.  42  Broadwav  in  New 
York. 


221 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


EDWARD 

A.mong  the  prominent  consulting  engineers 
of  the  city  who  have  been  identified  with  work 
of  the  most  important  character,  is  Edward 
Becket,  whose  offices  are  at  No.  60  Wall  Street. 

Mr.  Becket  was  born  in  this  city  June  nth, 
1874.  and  received  his  education  in  the  public 
schools,  and  at  the  Cooper  Institute. 

After  finishing  his  technical  training  he  was 
chief  engineer  for  Prof.  Charles  E.  Tripler  who 
became  celebrated  through  his  production  of 
liquid  air  in  large  quantities. 

Mr.  Becket  constructed  a  liquid  air  machine 
for  the  Paris  Exposition  which  was  awarded 
the  first  prize  by  the  French  Academy  of 
Science  and  from  the  French  Government.  This 
machine  outclassed  those  built  by  Carl  Linde, 
of  Germany,  Raoul  Pictet  of  the  French 
Academy,  and  Sir  James  Lewar  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  London. 

At  this  period  Mr.  Becket  was  tendered  and 
accepted  a  professorship  in  the  Hamilton 
Institute,  New  York  City,  and  for  two  years 
taught  chemistry,  physics  and  the  allied  sciences. 

Desiring  a  field  of  wider  activity,  Mr.  Becket 
devoted  his  entire  time  to  engineering,  and 
assisted  in  the  construction  of  the  foundation  of 
the  New  York  Stock  Exchange,  the  Flat  Iron 
Building,  the  Aeolian  Building,  and  many  other 
large  structures.  He  also  had  charge  of  the 
investigation  of  the  pollution  of  the  Hudson 
River  and  Saratoga  Lake  by  the  various  paper 
mills  along  the  shores  of  these  two  sources  of 
water  supply. 

Mr.  Becket  was  in  Europe  for  a  year  making 


BECKET 

a  study  of  Oxy-Acetyline  apparatus  and  the 
conduct  of  oxygen  under  high  pressure.  Upon 
his  return  to  this  country  he  gave  a  demonstra- 
tion at  Columbia  College,  before  a  large  num- 
ber of  engineers  and  scientists  for  the  purpose 
of  showing  the  feasibility  of  cutting  up  the 
wreck  of  the  cantilever  bridge  at  Quebec  by 
means  of  the  oxy-acetyline  torch,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  cutting  a  piece  of  riveted  steel  4x6 
inches  in  five  minutes  and  twenty-five  seconds. 

This  is  conceded  to  be  the  first  recorded  test 
of  this  character  and  was  a  demonstration 
highly  favorable  to  Mr.  Becket,  and  one  that 
was  of  vast  benefit  to  engineering  along  this 
line  of  work. 

The  Quebec  Bridge  disaster  will  go  down  in 
history  as  one  of  the  greatest  that  has  ever  oc- 
cured,  and  Mr.  Becket's  proof  of  removal  was 
made  only  after  the  best  engineers  had  said 
that  the  evidences  of  this  wreck  could  never  be 
removed  by  practical  means  and  would  forever 
remain  as  a  monument  of  engineering  stupidity 
and  a  disgrace  to  American  Engineering 
methods. 

Mr.  Becket's  knowledge  of  chemistry  and 
the  allied  sciences  has  led  him  into  deep  re- 
search and  made  his  opinion  on  such  subjects 
eagerly  sought  for  and  greatly  valued. 

He  is  now  practicing  as  a  consulting  engineer 
along  all  branches  of  the  profession,  and  his 
clientele  includes  some  of  the  best  known  in- 
dividuals and  firms  in  the  country. 

Mr.  Becket  was  married  January  8th,  1905, 
to  Miss  Isabel  Tripler,  and  resides  at  Mamaro- 
neck,'  N.  Y. 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


John  Adams  Church 


Among  the  prominent  engineers  who  have  utilized 
their  talent  for  the  advancement  of  the  mining  pro- 
fession, none  has  been  more  active  than  John  A. 
Church,  E.  M. 

Born  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Mr.  Church  was  edu- 
cated in  New  York  City  and  received  his  technical 
training  at  the  Columbia  School  of  Mines,  by  which 
institution  he  was  awarded  the  degrees  of  Engineer 
of  Mines  and  Ph.  D.  After  graduation,  he  spent 
several  years  abroad,  publishing  on  his  return  "Notes 
on  a  Metallurgical  Journey  in  Europe,"  in  which  the 
results  of  his  studies  in  that  country  were  embodied. 

Soon  after  returning  to  this  country,  he  was  tem- 
porarily on  the  faculty  of  the  School  of  Mines  and 
also  of  the  State  University  of  Ohio,  at  Columbus, 

223 


but  the  livelier  experiences  of  field  work  overcame 
the  seductions  of  study  and  his  labors  as  a  professor 
ended  once  for  all.  Mr.  Church,  at  this  period, 
joined  one  of  the  government  surveys  and  made  a 
special  report  on  the  mines  of  the  Comstock  lode. 
He  has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  literature 
of  his  profession  and  is  well  and  favorably  known 
as  a  technical  writer. 

Like  most  men  of  his  profession,  Mr.  Church  has 
been  a  constant  traveler  and  has  carried  on  opera- 
tions in  many  states  of  the  Union,  especially  in 
the  West.  He  was  a  pioneer  in  the  movement  now 
popularly  known  as  the  "Awakening  of  China," 
having  several  years  ago  introduced  American  meth- 
ods of  mining  in  that  country.  Mr.  Church  was 
called  to  China  by  Li  Hung  Chang,  the  famous 
viceroy,  in  pursuance  of  an  edict  issued  by  the 
Empress  Dowager,  and  the  methods  Mr.  Church 
introduced  at  that  period  have  since  been  used  by 
the  Chinese  with  varying  success. 

Mr.  Church  has  been  at  various  times  connected 
with  the  construction  of  large  plants  and  has  done 
his  part  in  bringing  American  mining  to  its  present 
high  position,  and  his  long  record  of  able  and  suc- 
cessful service  has  brought  him  to  the  highest  stand- 
ing in  his  profession.  .Vlr.  Church  is  a  member  ot 
the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  and  the 
Century  and  Explorers'  Clubs  of  this  city.  He  is 
of  pure  American  stock,  belonging  to  the  same 
family  as  Col.  Benjamin  Church,  whose  achieve- 
ments in  Indian  fighting  are  mentioned  with  respect 
even  after  the  lapse  of  more  than  two  centuries. 

Mr.  Church  is  now  practising  as  a  consulting 
engineer  and  has  offices  at  No.  I  5  William  Street. 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 

Ernest  Abram  Wiltsee  Gustav  Lindenthal 


Born  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  September  30th,  1863, 
Ernest  Abram  Wiltsee,  graduated  as  Engineer  of 
Mines,  at  the  Columbia  School  of  Mines  in  the  class 
of  1885,  and  at  once  became  Assistant  Chemist  of  the 
Edgar  Thompson  Steel  Works,  Braddock,  Pa.,  after- 
wards filling  the  position  of  Chemist  with  the  Colo- 
rado Coal  and  Iron  Co.,  Pueblo,  Col.,  and  the  Globe 
Smelting  and  Refining  Co.,  Denver,  Col. 


ERNEST  ABRAM  WILTSEE 


He  was  then  appointed  Assistant  Superintendent  of 
the  North  Star  Mining  Co.,  Grass  Valley,  Cal.. 
which  position  he  relinquished  for  the  Superin- 
tendency  of  the  Mento  Mines,  in  the  same  locality. 

During  the  year  of  1892  Mr.  Wiltsee  was  engaged  in 
expert  work  with  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau, 
and  the  following  year  was  made  Manager  of  the 
gold  mines  of  Barnato  Bros.,  Johannesburg,  South 
Africa.  He  afterwards  managed  the  Geldenhue's 
Estate  and  Gold  Mining  Co.,  and  subsequently  became 
Superintending  Engineer  of  the  Consolidated  Gold 
Fields  of  South  Africa. 

Returning  to  this  country  in  1899,  Mr.  Wiltsee 
engaged  in  general  mining  work  with  offices  in  San 
Francisco.  He  then  organized  the  Wiltsee-Seeley 
Investment  Co.,  Denver,  Col.,  and  in  1904  became  the 
Resident  Manager  of  the  Venture  Corporation,  Lon- 
don, Eng. 

Resigning  from  this  position,  Mr.  Wiltsee  located  in 
New  York  City,  and  opened  offices  at  No.  165 
Broadway. 

Mr.  Wiltsee  is  a  member  of  the  Pacific  Union  Club. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. :  Burlmgame  Country  Club. 
San  Francisco,  Cal.;  Denver  Club,  Denver,  Col.;  Rand 
Club,  Johannesburg.  South  Africa ;  Tuxedo  Club, 
Tuxedo,  New  York ;  City  Midday  Club,  New  York. 


Among  New  York's  eminent  professional  men  is 
Gustav  Lindenthal  whose  ability  as  a  civil  engineer 
has  brought  him  international  repute. 

Mr.  Lindenthal  was  born  in  Brunn,  Austria,  and 
was  educated  at  the  colleges  of  his  native  city  and 
at  Vienna.  His  early  work  was  in  surveys  of  the 
railroads  and  bridges  in  Austria  and  Switzerland, 
when  he  came  to  this  country  as  engineer  to  the 
Centennial  Exposition  in  Philadelphia,  afterwards 
becoming  consulting  engineer  in  construction 
works  on  Western  railroads.  He  came  to  this 
city  in  1892  and  his  superior  attainments  brought 
recognition  immediately.  Mr.  Lindenthal  was  at 
one  time  Commissioner  of  Bridges  of  the  City  of 
New  York  and  completed  the  construction  of  the 
Williamsburgh  bridge,  and  made  plans  for  the 
Queensboro  and  Manhattan  bridges.  He  also  pre- 
pared the  first  plans  for  the  reconstruction  of 
Brooklyn  bridge  and  a  structure  of  novel  design. 
The  present  plans  in  course  of  construction  at 
Park  Row  and  Chambers  Street,  are  based  on  his 
original  plans  with  certain  modifications.  This 
will  be  a  great  monumental  bridge  terminal  and 
municipal  building  of  steel  construction  similar  to 
the  Eiffel  tower,  under  which  will  be  a  terminal 
for  all  elevated  and  surface  cars  converging  at  that 
point.  The  municipal  building  above  the  terminal 
will  be  twenty-four  stories  high.  Air.  Lindenthal'-; 
plans  had  provided  for  43  stories,  sufficient  he 
thought  for  all  city  departments. 

He  was  one  of  a  board  of  six  consulting  engi- 
neers that  planned  the  tunnels  and  terminals  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  under  the  North  and  East 
Rivers,  and  through  New  York  City. 

Mr.  Lindenthal  is  also  engineer  and  architect  of 
the  Hell  Gate  bridge  over  the  East  River  for  the 
New  York  Connecting  Railroad.  This  bridge  when 
completed  will  be  the  longest  steel  arch  bridge  in 
the  world.  He  is  President  of  the  North  River 
Bridge  Co.,  a  member  of  the  British  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers,  London,  the  American  Society 
Civil  Engineers,  Canadian  Society  Civil  Engineers, 
and  a  fellow  of  the  A.  A.  A.  S.  Mr.  Lindenthal 
belongs  to  many  societies  here,  among  which  is 
the  Arion  Society  and  the  Municipal  Art  Society. 
He  was  selected  among  many  other  gentlemen 
of  note  as  a  member  of  the  Hudson-Fulton  Cele- 
bration Commission,  and  was  appointed  to  the 
important  Carnival  and  Historical  Parades  Com- 
mittee, and  Chairman  of  the  Music  Festival  Com- 
mittee. 

Mr.  Lindentbal's  skill  and  technical  knowledge 
makes  his  opinions  of  value  wherever  intricate 
engineering  questions  arise,  and  his  clientele  there- 
fore numbers  some  of  the  largest  corporations  in 
the  country.  He  has  thoroughly  equipped  offices  at 
No.  45  Cedar  Street. 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 

Alfred  Pancoast  Boiler 


Foremost  among-  the  consulting  and  con- 
tracting engineers  of  the  city,  is  Alfred  Pan- 
coast  Boiler,  whose  offices  are  located  in  the 
Singer  building  at  No.  149  Broadway.  Mr. 
Boiler  was  born  in  Philadelphia  in  1840  and 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1858.  He  afterwards  attended  the 
Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  at  Troy 
from  which  he  graduated  as  a  civil  engineer. 
Since  his  graduation,  .Mr.  Boiler  has  been 
continuously  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his 


profession,  through  its  various  grades  up  to 
positions  of  Chief.  Consulting  or  Contracting 
Engineer  or  as  a  Commissioner. 

In  one  of  these  capacities  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  construction  of  the  Congress 
Street  bridge  at  Troy  over  the  Hudson  River, 
the  Albany  and  Greenbush  bridge  over  the 
same  stream,  the  Thames  River  bridge  at 
New  London,  Conn..  the  Manhattan 
Elevated  Railroad,  the  West  Side  and  Yon- 
kers  Railway,  the  Yonkers  Rapid  Transit 
Commission,  the  Providence  Termi- 
nals, the  Bay  State  Gas  tanks  at 
Boston,  the  elevation  of  the  Pennsvlvania 


and  Lackawanna  tracks  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  the 
McCombs  Dam  or  Central  Bridge  and  the 
Madison  Avenue  bridge  over  the  Harlem 
River,  the  Duluth-Superior  Interstate  bridge 
and  the  stone  bridge  over  the  Connecticut 
River  at  Hartford.  Mr.  Boiler  was  also  a 
director  of  the  Lake  Superior  Corporation 
and  has  acted  in  an  official  capacity  for  many 
other  works  and  enterprises. 

Some  years  ago  Mr.  Boiler  formed  a  part- 
nership with  Mr.  Henry  W.  Hodges  and  the 
firm  of  Boiler  and  Hodges  has  for  twelve 
years  been  prominently  identified  as  consult- 
ing engineers  with  some  of  the  most  impor- 
tant work  of  the  period,  among  which  is  the 
Melrose  Avenue  Viaduct,  the  Choctaw. 
(  >klahoma  and  Gulf  Railroad,  the  Mexican 
Xational  Railroad,  the  Philippine  Railways, 
the  Bolivia  Railways,  the  Madena-Marmosa 
Railway,  and  the  Wabash  entrance  to  Pitts- 
burgh. The  last  named  undertaking  was  of 
great  magnitude  there  being  over  sixty 
bridges  and  viaducts,  including  the  cantilever 
bridge  over  the  Monongahela  River  at  Pitts- 
burgh and  the  one  over  the  Ohio  River  at 
Mingo.  The  work  of  the  firm  includes  every 
kind  of  railwav  construction  such  as  build- 
ings, bridges,  trackages  and  terminals.  The 
towers  of  the  Singer  and  Metropolitan  Build- 
ings, and  other  buildings  in  various  parts  of 
the  city  and  country.  They  are  now  carrying  on 
the  re-construction  of  the  Waterford  bridge 
over  the  Hudson  River  and  the  great  munici- 
pal bridge  over  the  Mississippi  River  at  St. 
Louis.  In  addition  to  these  important  works, 
the  firm  overhauled  and  strengthened  the 
elevated  system  of  the  Brooklyn  Rapid  Tran- 
sit Railroad  and  were  selected  by  the  Comp- 
troller of  the  city  to  thoroughly  examine  and 
report  on  the  Queensboro  bridge  which  had 
been  publicly  criticised.  They  are  also  con- 
sulting engineers  of  the  Interstate  Bridge 
Commission  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
which  has  under  consideration  the  feasibility 
of  bridging  the  North  River  between  the  two 
states. 

Mr.  Boiler  is  the  author  of  a  treatise  on 
"Iron  Highway  Bridges."  He  is  a  member 
of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers, 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  of  London, 
England,  the  Century  Association,  the 
Pennsylvania  Society  of  New  York,  the  Rail- 
road Club  and  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  all 
of  New  York  City,  lie  resides  at  Orange, 
N.  J.,  where  he  is  a  member  of  the  Repub- 
lican Club  and  a  vestryman  of  Grace  Church 
of  that  city. 


22? 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


FREDERICK  SKENE 


Frederick  Skene,  former  State-Engineer  and  Surveyor  of  New  York,  was 
born  at  Garrisons-on-Hudson,  Putnam  County,  New  York,  in  1874.  He  has 
resided  in  Long  Island  City  thirty  years. 

Mr.  Skene  attended  the  Long  Island  City  public  schools  and  was  graduated 
from  them  in  1889.  He  entered  New  York  University  in  1892,  and  was  graduated 
from  it  in  1896,  receiving  the  degree  of  B.  S.  He  received  the  Civil  Engineer 
degree  in  1897  after  a  post  graduate  course,  and  is  now  in  business  as  a  consulting 
engineer  at  the  Singer  Building,  No.   149  Broadway,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Mr.  Skene  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Shrine,  the  Odd  Fellows,  the  Elks, 
and  Eagles.  In  1900  he  was  appointed  engineer  in  charge  of  the  Department  of 
Highways,  Borough  of  Queens,  New  York  City,  and  held  that  position  until 
January  1,  1907,  when  he  became  State  Engineer.  He  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Hughes,  a  member  from  New  York  State  of  the  National  Rivers  and  Harbors, 
and  Conservation  Commissions. 

Mr.  Skene  was  married  on  February  25,  1902. 


226 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 

Nicholas  S.  Hill,  Jr. 


Nicholas  S.  Hill  Jr.,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Mil.,  June  1 8th,  1869,  and  was  educated  in  the 
private  schools  of  that  city.  He  afterwards 
took  a  full  course  in  engineering  at  the  Stevens 
Institute  of  Technology,  Iloboken,  N.  J.,  and 
after  graduating  in  1892  was  made  mechanical 
engineer  of  the  Southside  Elevated  Railroad 
of  Chicago. 

In  1893,  he  returned  to  his  native  city  as 
engineer  secretary  of  the  Baltimore  Sewage 
Commission  and  in  1895  he  was  made  engineer 
of  the  Electrical  Commission  of  the  same  city. 

This  commission  was  appointed  to  prepare 
plans  and  make  a  report  on  the  municipally 
owned  underground  conduit  system  which  pro- 
vided for  the  depressing  of  the  overhead  wires 
of  the  city. 

The  plans  recommended  by  Mr.  Hill  were 
adopted  and  a  municipally  owned  conduit 
system  sufficient  to  accommodate  all  the  Public 
Service  Corporations,  including  telephone,  tele- 
graph, street  railway  and  electric  companies, 
has  been  put  in  operation,  in  accordance  with 
his  recommendation. 

Mr.  Hill  was  engaged  in  this  important  work 
for  two  years  and  was  then  appointed  chief 
engineer  of  the  Water  Department,  which  posi- 
tion he  held  for  a  year  and  a  half,  relinquish- 
ing it  in  1898  to  open  an  office  in  Baltimore  as 
a  consulting  engineer. 

During  his  period  of  activity  in  Baltimore's 
municipal  affairs  as  engineer  secretary  of  the 
sewage  commission,  this  commission  had  in 
preparation  a  voluminous  report  on  plans  and 
projects  for  the  complete  readjustment  of  the 
entire  sewerage  system  of  that  city,  as  well 
as  recommendations  for  the  disposal  of  sewage. 
These  two  projects  involved  an  outlay  of  $18,- 
000,000,  and  the  work  of  constructing  this  ex- 
tensive sewerage  system  is  now  in  progress. 

In  his  capacity  of  consulting  engineer,  Mr. 
[Iil]  received  many  important  commissions, 
chief  among  which  was  the  preparation  of  re- 
ports for  the  Alabama  Consolidated  Coal  and 
Iron  Company ;  the  Charleston  Consolidated 
Railway  Gas  and  Electric  Company  and  for 
the  cities  of  Mobile.  Columbia,  Brunswick, 
Petersburg  and  a  number  of  others  that  had 


projects  underway  calling  for  special  engineer- 
ing skill. 

In  1890  Mr.  Hill  was  made  chief  engineer 
and  general  manager  of  the  Charleston  Consol- 
idated Railway  Gas  and  Electric  Company  and 
satisfactorily  accomplished  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  that  corporation  afterwards  locating 
permanently  in  New  York  City,  where  he 
opened  an  office  at  No.  100  William  Street  as 
consulting  engineer. 

From  1902  to  1904  he  was  chief  engineer 
of  the  Water  Department  of  Xew  York  City 
during  which  time  the  plan  for  a  new  water 
supply  for  the  city  had  its  inception. 

One  of  the  first  matters  taken  up  by  Mr. 
Hill  when  he  assumed  charge  of  the  water 
department  was  the  question  of  water  waste 
which  led  to  an  investigation  and  the  first 
installation  of  the  pitometer  an  instrument  for 
measuring  the  consumption.  He  also  prepared 
plans  for  the  rehabilitation  of  the  water  sys- 
tem of  Stat  en  Island  and  Long  Island  City. 
Under  his  supervision  was  also  made  many 
changes  and  improvements  in  the  pumping 
stations  and  distribution  system  of  Manhattan 
and  the  Bronx. 

One  of  his  most  important  works  during 
this  period  was  the  preparation  of  plans  and 
reports  on  a  high  pressure  fire  system,  and  his 
recommendations  were  followed  when  the 
present  efficient  system  was  installed.  After 
severing  his  connection  with  the  water  depart- 
ment Mr.  Hill  devoted  himself  indefatigibly  to 
his  profession  and  attained  an  enviable  repu- 
tation as  a  specialist  in  water  supply,  sanitation 
and  sewage  disposal,  doing  work  for  a  number 
of  the  principal  cities. 

Mr.  Hill  is  a  member  of  many  engineering 
organizations  and  social  clubs.  He  has  con- 
tributed to  the  literature  of  his  profession  by 
many  papers  on  technical  subjects  which  have 
been  favorably  received  and  largely  read. 

His  extensive  experience  along  the  various 
branches  of  his  profession  and  his  thorough 
technical  skill  makes  Mr.  Hill's  services  of 
value  in  every  section  of  the  United  States  and 
he  is  at  present  engaged  as  consulting  engineer 
by  the  municipalities  of  Jersey  City.  N.  J.,  Nor- 
folk, Va.,  Norwich.  Conn.,  and  many  other 
cities,  towns  and  a  number  of  public  service 
corporations. 

Mr.  Hill  was  married  in  1805  and  has  two 
children.  He  resides  in  East  Orange.  N.  J.  and 
is  greatly  interested  in  the  development  and 
social  life  of  that  picturesque  town. 


227 


HISTORICAL  SOI'VHXIK 


LEWIS  NIXON 


This  well-known  naval  architect  and  ship- 
builder was  born  at  Leesburg,  Virginia,  in 
1861.  He  attended  the  public  schools  in 
his  native  town  until  his  appointment  to  the 
United  States  Naval  Academy  from  which 
he  graduated  No.  1  in  1 882  and  afterward 
took  up  a  course  of  study  in  the  Royal 
Naval  College,  London,  England. 

Although  Mr.  Nixon  graduated  as  a  mid- 
shipman, he  was  transferred  from  this  line 
of  navy  to  the  Construction  Corps  in  1 884 
and  from  that  period  until  1 890  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  work  of  designing  the  battle- 
ships Oregon,  Massachussetts  and  Indiana. 
He  resigned  from  the  navy  to  become  super- 
intendent constructor  of  Cramp's  shipyard, 
Philadelphia  but  left  that  well-known  con- 
cern and  opened  the  Crescent  shipyard.  His 
reputation  as  a  naval  architect  and  builder 
had  by  this  time  become  international  and 
the  Crescent  works  was  soon  a  scene  of 
great  activity,  vessels  for  all  departments  of 
the  United  States  Government  being  built 
there,  while  considerable  work  was  done  for 
foreign  governments. 

Mr.  Nixon  afterward  became  sole  owner 
of  Lewis  Nixon's  shipyard  and  during  his 
term  of  actual  activity  as  a  shipbuilder  his 
contribution  to  the  naval  and  marine  ser- 
vice has  included  eleven  men-of-war  for  the 
United  States  Navy ;  sixteen  vessels  for  the 
Russian  Navy;  five  vessels  for  Cuba  and 
four  for  Santo  Domingo,  and  every  known 
type  of  vessel  for  the  United  States  and 
foreign  countries.  The  first  motor  boat  to 
cross  the  ocean  and  the  first  submarine  boats 
for  the  United  States  were  also  built  by  Mr. 
Nixon. 

He  has  made  many  trips  abroad  and  is 
almost  as  well-known  in  foreign  countries 
as  he  is  at  home.    He  has  been  presented  to 


the  King  of  England  and  Czar  Nicholas 
of  Russia  and  has  been  received  in  special 
audience  by  Pope  Pius. 

Mr.  Nixon  is  deeply  interested  in  New 
York's  municipal  affairs  and  has  always 
taken  an  active  part  in  politics.  He  was 
appointed  president  of  the  East  River 
Bridge  Commission  by  Mayor  Van  Wyck 
ir  1897  and  in  1902  succeeded  Richard 
Croker  as  leader  of  Tammany  Hall,  after- 
ward being  one  of  the  three  who  directed 
the  destinies  of  that  institution.  He  was 
chairman  of  the  Democratic  Congressional 
Finance  Committee  in  1902-3  and  Com- 
missioner from  New  York  to  the  St.  Louis 
World's  Fair.  He  was  appointed  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Visitors  to  the  U.  S.  Naval 
Academy  by  President  Roosevelt  in  1903 
and  has  served  as  delegate  to  many  national 
Democratic  conventions. 

Mr.  Nixon  was  married  in  1891  to  Sally 
Lewis  Wood,  who  is  a  direct  descendant 
of  the  colonial  general  Andrew  Lewis  of 
Virginia. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Tammany  Society 
and  of  the  Council  and  Executive  Com- 
mittee Institution  of  Naval  Architects  and 
Marine  Engineers;  a  fellow  of  the  Ameri- 
can Geological  Society  and  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Webb  Academy 
and  Home  for  Shipbuilders. 

Among  the  many  clubs  of  which  Mr. 
Nixon  is  a  member  are  the  Union,  Brook, 
National  Democratic,  Lawyers,  Seneca, 
Coney  Island  Jockey,  New  York  Yacht, 
Atlantic  Yacht,  Columbia  Yacht,  Rich- 
mond County  Country,  Westchester  Coun- 
try, Automobile  of  America,  Automobile  of 
Staten  Island,  Staten  Island  Motor  Boat, 
Rittenhouse  of  Philadelphia  and  the  Metro- 
politan and  Army  and  Navy  Clubs  of 
Washington,  D.  C. 


228 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


James  Yereance 


James  Yereance,  well-known  as  an  authority  on  fire  and  life 
insurance,  was  born  in  New  York  City  in  1S44  ana'  was  educated 
iu  the  public  schools  and  the  .Male  Normal  College. 

At  the  commencement  of  his  career  he  entered  the  fire  in- 
surance business  and  became  one  of  the  most  widely-known  and 
best  posted  underwriters  in  the  metropolis. 

In  1S39  he  entered  the  office  of  the  Greenwich  Ins.  Co.  and 
became  its  assistant  secretary.  In  1S6T  he  was  made  secretary 
of  the  Astor  Fire.  In  1S7J  he  became  the  secretary  of  the 
Safeguard  Fire.     He  afterwards  became  its  president. 

In  1S79  he  was  made  manager  of  the  New  York  Department 
and  special  agent  for  the  United  States  of  the  London  and 
Lancashire  Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  Liverpool. 

In  1SS7  Mr.  Yereance  was  elected  president  of  the  Alliance 
Insurance  Association  where  he  remained  until  1S92,  completing 
thirty-three  years  of  service  as  a  fire-underwriter. 

He  then  turned  his  attention  to  life  insurance  and  became 
a  Metropolitan  Manager  of  the  Equitable  Life  Assurance  Society, 
whicli  position  he  still  fills.  During  his  active  career,  Mr. 
Yereance  has  filled  many  important  positions.  In  1S97  he  was 
president  of  the  Life  Underwriters  Association  ana'  was  a  presi- 
dential elector  in  1900.  He  has  al*o  served  for  a  number  of 
years  as  a  member  of  the  Republican  County  Committee  and  is 
now  Chairman  of  the  Transfer  Tax  Appraisers  of  the  State  of 
New  York  for  the  County  of  New  York;  Vice-Pres't  N.  Y.  Port 
Society;  Pres't  Lords  Day  Alliance  of  the  U.  S.;  Sec'y  and 
Trcas.  of  Trustees  of  Presbytery  of  N.  Y.;  member  of  Lawyers 
and  Republican  Clubs  and  of  the  Holland  Society,  his  ancestor 
having  come  here  from  Holland  ever  200  years  ago. 


Charles  Shongood 


Charles  Snongood,  one  of  the  best  known  and 
most  sucessful  bankruptcy  auctioneers  in  New  York 
City,  was  born  here  May  1st,  1864.  Ke  received  his 
education  in  the  public  schools  and  at  the  College  of 
the  City  of  New  York  and  started  in  business  in  1872 
with  his  father,  William  Shongood.  Mr.  Shongood  has 
been  in  the  auctioneering  business  for  twenty  years 
and  was  the  first  official  auctioneer  appointed  under 
the  bankruptcy  act. 

He  is  a  Republican  in  politics  and  has  been  the 
candidate  of  his  party  for  both  Assembly  and  Con- 
gress, and  in  1904  was  elected  a  presidential  elector. 

In  social  life  Mr.  Shongood  is  very  popular  and  a 
member  of  many  clubs,  prominent  among  which  are 
the  Republican  Club.,  Twenty-ninth  District  Assem- 
bly Club  and  the  Progressive  Club. 

He  is  also  deeply  interested  in  Masonic  work,  and 
has  taken  his  Thirty-second  Degree  in  that  order. 

His  office  is  at  Nos.  113  and  115  Leonard  Street. 


HORACE  SEE 

Engineer,  Naval  Architect, 
Surveyor  and 
Expert  in  Admiralty  Cases 

One  Broadway,  New  York 


Designs  and  Superintends  the  Construc- 
tion of  Vessels  and  Terminals,  also  is 
Prepared  to  Manage  and  Look  After 
the    Maintenance   of   Such  Property. 

Particular  Attention   (iiven   to  Improving 
the  Speed  and  Performance  of  Ves= 
sets  and  Their  Machlne-y. 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


THE  GREAT  NATIONAL 
PURE  FOOD  INSTITUTION 


Compania  Empacadora  Nacional  Mexican* 

C(  THE   REPUBLIC    AH6  SUBJECT    TO    ITS  6lBe4,T.  orFUJAL  INSPECTION- 


1  ■  s 


S-»,M  LUIS  POTOSI. 


MEXICO  CITY 


PROPRIETORS  OF  THE  MOST  MODERN 

PACKING  HOUSES,  BRANCH  COLD  STORES, 
REFRIGERATOR  CAR  LINE,  INSULATED  MO- 
TOR VANS,  and  RETAIL  MEAT  MARKETS 

IN    THE  WORLD 

Operating  under  Special  and  Exclusive  Concessions  from  the  SUPREME  GOV- 
ERNMENT OF  MEXICO,  and  supplying  PURE  FOOD  to  a  NATION  direct 
from  the  RANCH  TO  THE  TABLE. 


^Pure,  clean  and 
^ safe,  Popo  brand 
,  Meats. 

Buy  onlv  Popo 
'Beef,  Pork,  Veal 
J  and  Mutton. 
/  .Me  xican  Nat'l 
.  Packing  Co.  the 
'  Great  National 
/  Pood  Institution  \ 
1 1 1:  I  n  i 1 1 1  i  i  i  i \\ 


MEXICAN  NATIONAL  PACKING  CO. 

JOHN  W.  DEKAY,  President 

F  L ANTS  AND  BRANCHES 
THROUGHOUT   THE  REPUBLIC 

European  Agents:— LIPTON  (Limited)  LONDON 


230 


1 1UDS0X-FULT0N  CELEl'.RATION 
i  iiiihinw  ■imnTunrrnw— n 


C.  T.  NIGHTINGALE,  Pres.  &  Treas. 
G.  A.  GUTZLER,  Vice-Pres.  C.  T.  NIGHTINGALE,  Jr.,  Secretary 

W.  W.  WALLACE,  Asst.  Treas.  I.  F.  HOBBY,  Asst.  Secretary 


48  WEST  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK 

The  management  of  the  Empire  Bottle  &  Supply  Co.  were  practi- 
cally the  pioneers  of  the  Milk  Bottle. 

Their  President,  C.  T.  Nightingale,  has  made  the  study  of  a  sanitary 
Milk  Bottle  his  sole  aim  for  the  last  twenty-four  years,  being  the  inventor  of 
all  the  leading  styles  now  on  the  market. 

They  are  the  recognized  leaders  in  that  line  having  kept  pace  with 
the  growing  demand  for  absolute  sanitation  in  Milk  Bottles,  and  now  produce 
a  receptacle  that  is  pronounced  germ-proof  and  entirely  free  from  the  possi- 
bilities of  contagion. 

In  1891  they  first  began  to  experiment  on  making  the  Milk  Bottles  by 
machinery,  which  was  not  fully  developed  until  1901,  prior  to  which  the 
bottles  were  made  by  hand;  this  being  a  very  slow  process  and  producing  an 
inferior  as  well  as  an  inaccurate  bottle. 

In  1889  there  was  scarcely  a  carload  of  bottles  used  in  New  York 
City  in  a  year's  time,  while  to-day  there  are  upwards  of  ninety  thousand  gross 
(about  eight  hundred  carloads)  used  in  New  York  and  vicinity. 

The  Empire  has  always  maintained  its  lead  in  quality,  workmanship, 
styles  and  capacities,  which  have  been  adopted  by  all  the  leading  manufacturers. 

At  the  present  time  the  art  of  making  Milk  B^tles  has  been  so  im- 
proved that  there  is  scarcely  a  variation  in  the  capacity  or  weight  of  the 
bottle;  their  output  is  close  to  two  cars  daily. 

Their  bottles  are  made  in  all  sizes,  also  individual  bottles  of  artistic 
design  for  restaurant  and  ca(e  use. 

The  first  company  to  make  a  machine  made  bottle  was  the  Climax 
Stopper  and  Bottle  Co.,  succeeded  by  the  Climax  Bottle  &  Mfg.  Co.  which 
is  practically  the  Empire  Bottle  &  Supply  Co.  of  to-day. 


231 


9 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 

The  W.  F.  Ruddock  Boat  and  Yacht  Works 


T.    -'  -EL" 


YACHT  PATRICIA,  BUILT  BY  WILLIAM  F.  RUDDOCK 


One  of  the  oldest  and  best  known  boat  building: 
names  in  the  country  is  "Ruddock",  which  has 
been  before  the  public  in  this  country  and  Europe 
for  many  years  as  builders  of  shell  boats  for  the 
professional  oarsmen  and  colleges.  All  the  cham- 
pionship and  important  races  were  rowed  in  Rud- 
dock boats,  as  they  were  known  the  world  over 
as  being  the  lightest  and  fastest  built.  They  were 
built  by  W.  W.  Ruddock  and  afterwards  by  his 
son  W.  F.  Ruddock,  the  present  owner  of  the  busi- 
ness, who  has  built  every  type  of  boat,  from  the 
finest  racing  shell  to  a  motor  yacht. 

The  Ruddock  family  come  naturally  to  ship- 
building, as  they  have  been  shipbuilders  from  fa- 
ther to  son  for  several  hundred  years,  some  in 
England  and  one  branch  of  the  family  in  St.  John's, 
New  Brunswick,  Canada.  It  was  there  that  the 
elder  Ruddock  learned  the  business  and  studied 
Naval  Architecture,  and  when  21  years  of  age  real- 
ized his  ambition  of  designing,  building,  and  su- 
perintending the  construction  of  a  large  ship.  He 
then  went  to  Boston  and  built  several  steam  and 
sailing  yachts,  and  in  the  slack  season  did  some 
designing.  It  was  at  this  time  he  drifted  into  build- 
ing racing  shell  boats  and  invented  many  things 
that  brought  them  up  to  the  present  standard. 

It  was  in  Boston  the  elder  Ruddock  built  up  a 
reputation  for  building  the  fastest  shell  boats  in 
the  world,  and  shipped  to  England  thirteen  in  one 
season.  Every  orcsman  of  note  in  the  country 
used  a  Ruddock  boat,  including  Hanlon,  Teemen, 
Ross,  Gaudaur,  Hosmer,  Plasted  and  others.  When 
Hanlon  was  in  Australia,  he  used  two  Ruddock- 
boats  to  row  for  the  Championship. 

In  1886  Mr.  Ruddock  came  to  New  York  City 
and  settled  on  the  Harlem  River,  his  shop  in  Bos- 
ton being  taken  by  the  city  for  a  park.  All  this 
time  he  devoted  himself  to  shell  boats  alone,  and 
did  not  build  anything  larger.  In  New  York  his 
son,  the  present  owner  of  the  business,  W.  F. 
Ruddock,  was  old  enough  to  be  in  the  shop,  and 


was  with  him  in  business  when  he  died  10  years 
ago. 

W.  F.  Ruddock  started  where  his  father  left  off, 
although  only  19  years  of  age,  and  finished  the 
boats  his  father  had  started.  These  met  with  ap- 
proval and  won  their  races,  and  very  soon  he  had 
the  confidence  of  his  father's  old  customers,  and 
the  verdict  was  that  the  younger  Ruddock  was 
turning  out  the  same  type  of  a  boat  as  his  father 
had,  and  when  the  World's  Championship  race  be- 
tween Towns,  of  London,  England,  and  Gaudaur 
of  Canada  was  rowed,  he  built  the  boat  for  Gau- 
daur. 

Mr.  Ruddock  then  decided  to  enlarge  the  busi- 
ness. He  built  a  larger  plant  at  141st  St.  and  Har- 
lem River  and  started  to  build,  in  addition  to  shells, 
small  row  boats,  St.  Lawrence  skiffs,  canoes,  etc., 
and  put  in  machinery,  electric  lighting  plant,  and 
soon  had  the  most  modern  plant  for  small  boats  in 
the  country,  and  with  the  College  Eights,  which 
he  built,  and  the  new  addition  of  larger  boats,  he 
was  kept  very  busy.  About  this  time  the  craze 
for  motor  boats  came  and  he  started  building  small 
ones,  and  to  the  extra  fine  work  put  on  the  boats, 
he  gave  the  same  pains  and  attention  as  he  did 
the  shells,  and  they  were  so  satisfactory  that  he 
soon  got  orders  for  the  finest  class  of  high-power 
mahogany  Speed  Auto  Boats,  and  then  larger 
launches,  till  at  last  he  was  building  Motor  Yachts 
of  70  and  Sc  feet,  completely  equipped  with  ma- 
chinery, fittings,  etc. 

Last  year  just  before  Christmas  the  plant  was 
totally  destroyed  by  fire.  It  was  then  moved  to 
214th  St.  and  Harlem  River,  and  is  now  one  of  the 
best  situated,  largest  and  most  modern  plants  in 
this  vicinity,  with  facilities  to  build  crafts  from  the 
finest  . shell  to  a  150-foot  steam  yacht.  The  Rud- 
dock works  have  turned  out  some  of  the  finest 
launches  and  yachts  in  these  waters  and  have 
built  for  all  the  prominent  designers,  who  have  the 
utmost  confidence  in  Mr.  Ruddock's  ability  and 
honesty  to  build  strictly  according  to  their  plans 
and  specifications. 


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THIS  BOOK  IS  A  PRODUCT  OF  THE 

JOB 

L>/cpdI  LillcIlL 

OF  THE 

New  York  Commercial 

8  SPRUCE  STREET     NEW  YORK. 

Orders  for  All  Classes 
of    Printing  Solicited 

1 

233 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Borough  of  Richmond 


Staten  Island,  one  of  the  prettiest  of  the 
boroughs  that  go  to  make  up  Greater  New 
York,  has  a  history  contemporaneous  with 
Manhattan  Island,  having  also  been  discov- 
ered by  Hudson  in  1609.  The  intrepid 
navigator  found  it  inhabited  by  the  Aqua- 
honga  Indians  and  soon  afterwards  the 
Dutch  formed  a  settlement  at  Oude  Dorp, 
now  Arrochar. 

It  was  a  battle  ground  during  the  Revolu- 
tionary War  and  was  the  headquarters  of 
Lord  Howe  of  the  British  army  who  in- 
olalled  himself  in  the  old  Billop  manor  house 
where  the  historical  meeting  between  him- 
self, Benjamin  Franklin,  Rutledge  of  South 
Carolina  and  Adams  of  Massachusetts,  took 
place.  This  meeting  was  an  attempt  to 
restore  peace  between  the  warring  colonists 
and  the  Mother  country. 

The  Staten  Island  of  to-day  is  a  scene  of 
hustling  activity  containing  several  important 
business  centres  principal  among  which  are 
Richmond,  Stapleton,  Tompkinsville,  West 
New  Brighton,  New  Brighton,  New  Dorp, 
St.  George,  Clifton,  Graniteville,  Don- 
gan  Hills,  Tottenville,  Princess  Bay, 
Greenridge,  Chelsea,  Rossville,  Kreische- 
ville,  Greenbridge  and  Grasmere.  The 
report  of  the  commissioners  of  Docks 
and  Ferries  shows  that  in  1907, 
10,760,721  passengers  were  carried  and 
that  the  traffic  will  be  largely  increased  with 


the  installation  of  contemplated  ferry  im- 
provements, while  a  committee  of  the  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  is  earnestly  advocating  a 
tunnel  to  the  island. 

Owing  to  the  natural  and  commercial  ad 
vantages  with  which  Staten  Island,  by  virtue 
of  its  location  in  the  harbor  of  New  York 
and  its  large  frontage  on  the  deep  waters  of 
Staten  Island  Sound  and  the  Kill  Von  Kull 
River,  large  industrial  interests  have  located 
there. 

This  increase  of  manufacturing  plants  has 
brought  a  constantly  increasing  population 
and  business  generally  has  benefitted.  Ten 
years  ago  there  were  but  two  commercial 
banks  in  the  borough  while,  today  this  num- 
ber has  been  increased  to  five  local  institu- 
tions and  a  branch  of  a  New  York  bank. 
There  are  in  addition  two  savings  banks  and 
seven  building  and  loan  associations. 

The  various  towns  that  go  to  make  up  the 
Borough  of  Richmond,  as  Staten  Island  is 
known  in  its  relation  to  Greater  New  York 
are  especially  adapted  to  residential  pur- 
poses. They  are  all  environed  by  pic- 
turesque scenery,  have  well-paved  streets 
and  all  the  municipal  improvements  that 
make  suburban  life  bearable.  There  are 
thirty-four  elementary  public  schools  and 
parochial  schools.  The  borough  has  churches 
of  every  denomination,  three  attractive  parks 
and  an  ample  supply  of  good  drinking  water. 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


Its  police  protection  is  assured  by  a  force 
of  1  7  detectives  and  200  policemen  and  a  fire 
department  consisting  of  eight  engines,  one 
hose  and  five  hook  and  ladder  companies, 
comprising  a  force  of  1  75  men.  A  fire  boat 
stationed  at  St.  George  assures  water  front 
protection. 

Of  vast  interest  to  manufacturers  is  the 
fact  that  goods  can  be  shipped  at  New  York 
City  freight  rates  via  the  Staten  Island  Rapid 
Transit  Railroad  and  connecting  trunk  lines, 
namely,  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad,  the  Lehigh  Valley 
Railroad,  the  Reading  Railroad,  the  Central 
Railroad  of  New  Jersey  and  the  Erie  Rail- 
road to  all  sections  of  the  United  States, 
West  and  South,  while  all  other  roads  deliver 
and  call  for  goods  free  of  additional  charge 
within  the  free  lighterage  limits  of  New  York 
Harbor,  between  Holland's  Hook  and  Fort 
Wadsworth. 

Staten  Island  has  an  active  Chamber  of 
Commerce  that  is  constantly  calling  attention 
to  the  island's  advantages  and  has  been  the 
means  of  greatly  increasing  its  commerce 
and  adding  very  materially  to  its  population. 
The  president  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
\i  W.  S.  Van  Clief,  well-known  among  the 
manufacturers  of  Staten  Island,  and  the  sec- 
retary is  Cornelius  G.  Kolff.  Nearly  every 
prominent  business  man  on  the  island  is  a 
member  of  the  organization  and  no  work  is 
considered  too  arduous  that  will  result  in  the 
borough's  betterment.  Just  now  the  question 
of  better  transportation  facilities  is  being 
agitated  and  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  will 


not  rest  until  a  tunnel  connects  the  beautiful 
and  busy  spot  with  Manhattan. 

That  portion  of  Staten  Island  known  as  the 
easterly  shore  has  been  familarly  known  for 
many  years,  especially  in  shipping  circles  as 
the  "Gateway  to  New  York,"  on  account 
of  the  location  of  a  Quarantine  Station  where 
all  incoming  vessels  are  compelled  to  stop 
before  entering  the  Harbor  for  inspection  by 
Health  Officers. 

As  early  as  1  799,  the  State  of  New  York 
took  possession  of  certain  portions  of  the 
water  front  on  the  east  shore  of  Staten  Island 
for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  Quarantine 
Station  and  Marine  Hospital,  probably  on 
account  of  the  sheltered  anchorage  and  depth 
of  water  at  this  locality,  and  the  old  Quaran- 
tine Station  remained  here  until  about  1869, 
when  the  development  of  Staten  Island  re- 
quired that  it  be  transferred  to  a  new  location 
further  down  the  Bay  and  near  the  Narrows, 
where  the  vessels  with  contagious  diseases 
aboard  could  be  detained  further  away  from 
the  City. 

The  first  Ferry  from  New  York,  to  Staten 
Island,  owned  and  originally  operated  by 
Captain  Vanderbilt,  personally,  landed  its 
passengers  adjacent  to  the  old  Quarantine 
Station  and  this  point  was  used  as  a  ferry 
landing  for  nearly  80  years  or  until  the  pres- 
ent City  of  New  York  established  its  mag- 
nificent Municipal  Ferry  service  about  1905 
at  St.  George,  at  a  short  distance  north  of 
the  old  landing. 

Shortly  after  the  removal  of  Quarantine, 
the  greater  portion  of  old  grounds  were  sold 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


lo  the  American  Dock  &  Trust  Company, 
and  a  storage  plant  established  there. 

Since  1873  until  the  present  date  this  his- 
toric ground,  has  been  used  continuously  as 
one  of  the  largest  independent  warehouse 
properties  in  the  Port  of  New  York,  and  al- 
though it  was  originally  intended  for  the  ex- 
clusive storage  of  cotton,  in  recent  years  new 
lire-proof  buildings  have  been  added  and  en- 
tire plant  re-constructed  with  large  piers 
added  to  accommodate  ocean  going  cargo 
steamers,  and  storage  accommodations  for 
miscellaneous  merchandise. 

One  of  the  attractive  features  to  receivers 
of  cargoes  at  this  Terminal  is  the  Railroad 
connections  whereby  merchandise  can  be 
trans-shipped  direct  from  side  of  vessel  into 
cars  without  extra  handling  or  cartage,  and 
it  is  the  only  Terminal  in  the  City  of  New 
York  having  direct  rail  connections,  with 
trunk  lines,  independent  of  float  system. 

Some  special  record  or  event,  either  in 
size  or  variety  of  cargoes  handled,  or  in- 
creased facilities  has  marked  the  growth  of 
this  Terminal  nearly  every  year,  particularly 
since  its  reconstruction  period. 

Although  not  the  largest  Terminal  in  the 
Port  of  New  York  it  has  the  distinction  of 


having  handled  not  only  the  largest  manila 
cargo  arriving  at  New  York,  (over  28,000 
bales  from  one  vessel,)  but  also  handled 
more  than  one  half  of  the  manila  hemp  im- 
ported in  New  York,  during  the  year  1907, 
and  95  per  cent  of  all  the  sisal  received  at 
the  Port  of  New  York  in  1905. 

This  Terminal  has  also  the  distinction  of 
having  had  the  largest  cargo  of  nitrate  dis- 
charged at  its  docks,  and  also  practically 
all  the  nitrate  during  the  last  three  years. 

In  addition  to  the  large  quantities  of  fibre, 
nitrate  and  cotton  handled  or  stored  here,  a 
great  variety  of  miscellaneous  commodities 
such  as  spices,  tea,  tin,  wool  and  general 
merchandise  from  the  far  East  are  also 
stored  and  trans-shipped  from  this  Terminal. 

One  of  the  advantages  which  have  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  growth  of  this  Ter- 
minal in  recent  years,  has  been  the  great  re- 
duction in  fire  insurance  rates,  which  can 
be  obtained  by  merchants  handling  their 
freight  at  this  Terminal,  by  reason  of  the  en- 
tire plant  being  equipped  with  automatic 
sprinklers,  now  recognized  by  the  principal 
fire  insurance  companies  as  the  best  fire 
lighting  facilities  obtainable. 


ft^F      ^£  ^£ 


-'30 


HUDSOX-FULTOX  C E L E B R A T I O X 


A.  C.  BROWN  &  SONS 


TOTTENVILLE.  N.  Y. 


Ship  Builders  and  Marine  Railway  Dry  Dock 


Yacht  Work  a  Specialty 


Rebuilding  and  Over- 
hauling at  Short  Notice 
with  the  Best  Materials 
and  Exp  erienced 
Workmen.     :     :     :  : 


PAINTS,  OILS, 

LUMBER,  ETC., 

Constantly  on  Hand 
TELEPHONE  CONNECTION 


ROBERT  C.  CLOWRY.  WESTERN  UNION  CABLE  STEAMER 


237 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


STATEN  ISLAND  SHIPBUILDING  CO. 


The  record  made  by  the  Staten  Island  Shipbuilding  Company  in  the  less  than  twelve  years 
of  its  existence,  is  a  most  gratifying  one  and  shows  that  the  company's  founders  were  justi- 
fied in  the  belief  that  advanced  methods,  superior  construction,  promptness  in  execution  and 
strict  attention  to  detail,  would  place  the  organization  in  the  front  rank  of  American  steam 
craft  builders. 

The  business  was  originally  started  by  W.  J.  Davidson  who  had  been  foreman  of  the 
Albany    Steam  Iron    Works  and   later   superintendent  of  the  Starin  works  and  boats. 

.Mr.  Davidson,  is  a  Canadian  by  'birth  and  his  .first  venture  in  the  business  on  his  own 
account  was  as  head  of  the  firm  of  W.  J.  Davidson  &  Co.  In  1898,  this  business  .vas  con- 
solidated with  the  Burlee  Dry  Dock  Company.  In  1908,  the  name  of  the  concern  was  changed 
to  the  Staten  Island  Shipbuilding  Company,  and  s'nce  that  time  the  growth  of  the  business 
has  been  almost  phenomenal. 

The  nature  of  the  work  is  shipbuilding  1.1  all  its  branches  and  a  specialty  is  made  of  the 
repairing  of  all  class  of  harbor  craft. 

The  company  built  the  yachts  Noma,  252  feet  which  developed  19H  knots  and  the  Rhe- 
clair,  213  feet,  which  has  a  registered  speed  of  17  knots. 

In  ferry  boat  construction  the  company  points  with  pride  to  the  Richmond  for  the  Staten 
Island  Municipal  Ferry  and  the  Chicago  for  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  and  the 
Jamestown,  Chautauqua  and  Arlington  for  the  Erie  Railroad  Company. 

In  sea  going  tugs  the  company  is  ahead  of  any  rival  concern  having  constructed  the 
Mary  F.  Scully,  length  180  feet,  the  largest  steel  tugboat  afloat.  Among  others  built  are  the 
Gypsum  King,  165  feet;  Wyoming,  Irvington,  Standard  II,  Standard  I,  Wellington  and 
Cheektowaga. 

In  harbor  tugboats  the  following  bear  testimonial  tn  the  company's  constructive  ability: 
Washington  class  of  the  D.  L.  &  W.;  Amiral  Dewey  and  E.  J.  Berwind ;  Genesee,  class  of  the 
Lehigh  Valley  and  Waverly,  class  of  the  Erie. 

The  plant  of  the  company  at  Staten  Island  is  thoroughly  equipped  with  every  modern  con 
trivnnce  for  expeditious  work  and  with  all  improved  machinery. 

There  are  two  shipyards,  the  main  yard  being  at  Port  Richmond,  where  the  iron  working 
^hops,  and  three  drydocks  of  large  capacity  are  located:  and  the  other  beiiif  the  Mariner 
Harbor  yard  where  wooden  boats  are  constructed  and  repair  work  done  on  one  dock. 

Thoroughly  equipped  machine,  boiler,  blacksmith,  coppersmith,  carpenter  and  joiner  shops; 
large  plate  sheds,  mammoth  furnaces  and  a  complete  electrical  department  enables  the  com- 
pany to  turn  out  thorough  work  on  the  shortest  possible  time. 


238 


HUDSON-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


THE 

ELECTRIC  LIGHT 
COMPANY 

Furnishes 

Electricity 

FOR  ALL  PURPOSES 

Light  —  Heat  —  Power 

TO  ALL  OF  STATEN  ISLAND 

Power  House  Main  Office 

LIVINGSTON,  NEW  BRIGHTON,  N.  Y. 

Richmond  Light  &R.  R.  Co. 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


'HE   HUDSON-FULTON   CELEBRATION  brings 


possessed  by  the  City  of  New  York  m  the  Way  of  rvatcr 
transportation,  and  to  no  Borough  of  the  Greater  City  is  this  more 
favorable  than  the  Borough  of  Richmond.  Here  We  have  an 
island  larger  than  Manhattan  that  is  practically  undeveloped,  but 
under  the  wise  and  progressive  management  of  its  Borough  Presi- 
dent and  his  efficient  staff  the  time  has  come  when  the  natural 
advantages  of  this  location  must  appeal  strongly  to  business  con- 
cerns desiring  to  occupy  land  that  can  be  secured  at  reasonable 
prices,  and  particularly  to  those  needing  dock  accommodations  at 
low  cost. 

After  a  most  careful  examination  of  the  Water  fronts  about 
New  York,  we  located  fifteen  years  ago  at  Staten  Island,  between 
Tompkinsville  and  Stapleton.  This  was  a  fortunate  move  for  us, 
and  we  have  found  the  location  most  convenient  and  accessible. 
To  those  seeking  Water  front  properties  we  offer  our  experience 
and  Would  be  glad  to  point  out  the  economies  and  advantages  of 
Staten  Island.  The  opportunity  is  there,  and  we  believe  that  it 
only  requires  the  searchlight  of  investigation  turned  upon  it. 


particularly  before  the  public  the  great  natural  advantages 


ICHABOD  T.  WILLIAMS  &  SONS. 


240 


HUDSOX-FULTON  CELEBRATION 


WILLIAM  S. 


To  the  tenacity  and  stolidity  of  a  Dutch 
ancestry,  that  dates  in  this  country  from 
October  14,  1653,  coupled  with  the  pro- 
gressiveness  and  keen  business  acumen  that 
comes  from  intermarriage  and  Americani- 
zation, William  S.  Van  Clief,  prominent  in 
Staten  Island  business  and  social  life,  owes 
much  of  his  success.  Mr.  Van  Clief  was 
born  at  Stapleton,  May  24,  1859,  and  was 
educated  by  private  tutors  and  at  the  New 
York  University.  His  father,  John  H.  Van 
Clief,  was  engaged  in  the  lumber  business 
from  1853  to  1891,  and  when  the  younger 
Van  Chef  finished  his  education  in  1878, 
he  took  up  the  same  line,  succeeding  his 
father  in  1891  and  in  addition  buying  the 
business  of  Bodine  Bros,  at  West  New 
Brighton,  having  now  three  large  lumber 


VAN  CLIEF 

yards  with  planing  mill  and  other  equip- 
ment. The  main  office  and  yards  are  at 
Port  Richmond  while  the  third  plant  is 
located  at  Pleasant  Plains. 

Mr.  Van  Clief  is  devoted  to  Staten  Island 
and  its  development.  He  has  been  for  four 
years  president  of  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce but  has  never  aspired  to  public  life, 
although  he  has  on  several  occasions  been 
offered  flattering  positions  without  succumb- 
ing to  the  temptation  that  is  often  disastrous 
to  the  successful  business  man. 

In  all  his  ventures  Mr.  Van  Clief  has 
been  very  successful.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Episcopal  Church,  of  the  Staten  Island 
Country  Club,  the  Staten  Island  Club  and 
many  other  organizations. 

The  founder  of  the  family  was  Jans  Van 
Clief  and  Clutes'  History  and  Morris'  His- 
tory, both  of  Staten  Island,  and  the  History 
of  Greater  New  York  give  honorable  men- 
tion to  that  sturdy  Hollander. 

Mr.  Van  Clief  was  married  June  27,  1  883 
to  Miss  Adelaide  C.  Carrol.  They  have 
four  children,  William  Carroll  Van  Clief, 
born  December  1 6, 1 885  ;  Courtland  Van 
Clief,  born  Nov.  15,  1888;  Anna  Clare 
Van  Clief,  born  May  25,  1890  and  Ray 
Allan  Van  Clief,  born  July  26,  1891. 

Mr.  Van  Clief  has  a  handsome  home  at 
No.  215  M  anor  Road,  West  New  Brighton 
and  his  business  address  is  at  Port  Rich- 
mond. 


HISTORICAL  SOUVENIR 


Frank  Mc Williams 

DRY  DOCK  &  SHIP  YARD 


CAPACITY 

No. 

1            2,000  Tons 

No. 

2  -  -  -  1,000  " 

No. 

3  -  -  -    400  " 

No. 

4  -  -  -    200  " 

Esl/mstes 

given  on  NEW  and  OLD  work. 

N.  Y.  Office:  1 

BROADWAY 

Telephone  2 

978  Rector 

WEST  NEW 

BRIGHTON 

STATEN 

ISLAND 

Telephone  700 

West  Brighton 

THE 
2012  CENTURY 
BUILDER 

For  Economy— Durability 
Architectural  Possibility 

Concrete  is  THE  building  material  of  to-day.  Fireproof 
—Weatherproof— and  with  the  Permanency  of  Stone. 


PORTLAND  CEMENT 

Concrete 

should  be  specified,  however,  for  the 
Cement  is  the  vital  element — the  very 
Life  of  the  Couerete. 

DRAGON  is  recognized  by  experts 
throughout  the  country  as  the  very  high- 
est grade  obtainable — absolutely  uuiform 
in  quality. 

This  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  for 
twenty  years  DRAtiON  has  been  used 
exclusively  in  many  of  the  most  notable 
structures  in  the  United  States.  Its 
manufacturers  have  been  making  the 
finest  grade  of  Cement  for  more  than 
three-quarters  of  a  CENTURY. 

THE   LAWRENCE   CEMENT  COMPANY 


Do  not  think  of  starting  any  sort  of 
building  until  you  have  learned  the 
possibilities  and  the  economy  of  Con- 
crete. Our  latest  book  on  Concrete  Con- 
struction contains  much  interesting  and 
valuable  information.  We  shall  be 
pleased  to  send  it  on  request. 

Tell  us  your  difficulties  and  the  ad- 
vice of  our  Expert  Consulting  Engineer 
is  at  your  service  without  charge. 

Write   us  today. 


NEW  YORK  ERNEST  R.  ACKERMAN,  Pres't 

C.  H.  CEMENT  &  M.  CO.,  Cumberland,  Md. 


PHILADELPHIA 


242 


Index  to  Representative  Individuals,  Firms  and 
Corporations  Appearing  in  This  Work 


Page. 

American  Chicle  Co   186 

American  Dock  &  Trust  Co   237 

American  Flag  Co   132 

American  Ice  Co   151 

American  Real  Estate  Company   203 

Anglo-American  Chemical  Co   148 

Ansco  Company   157 

Atlantic  Mutual  Insurance  Co   192-193 

Balfe,  Harry   179 

Batcheller,  Dr.  Geo.  C   204 

Beatty,  Alfred  Chester   220 

Becket,    Edward   222 

Bender,  Ph.  J.  &  Sons   207 

Bernheimer,  S.  E.  &  M.  E   203 

Billington,  Hutchinson  &  Co   197 

Boiler.  Alfred  Pancoast   225 

Borden's  Condensed  Milk  Co   180-181 

Botany  Worsted  Mills   127 

Bouker  Contracting  Co   169 

Bradbury,  Harry  B   212 

Brown,  Willard   212 

Brown  &  Sons,  A.  C   237 

Bush,  W.  J.  &  Co   146 

Calmon,  Emil  &  Co   146 

Carlisle,  Wm.  G   150 

Carpenter,  Leonard  J   202 

Chemische  Aniline  Works   150 

Cheyne,  Harry  &  Co   207 

Church,  John  Adams   223 

Claflin,  The  H.  B.  Co   121 

Clarke,  Dodge  &  Co   190 

Clews  &  Co.,  Henry  *.   190 

Converse  &  Company   123 

Conron  Bro's  Co   183 

Conover  Co.,  C.  E   130 

Consolidated  Gas  Co.  of  New  York   152 

Cosgrove  Brothers   207 

Crane,  James  C   140 

Cruikshank   Company   199 

Davies,  Clarence  J   202 

Dictaphone  Company  of  America   210 

Dobson,  John  &  James   126 

Du  Bois  Sons  Co.,  Henry   173 

Eagle  Pencil  Co   150 

Eimer  &  Amend   144 

Electro  Silicon  Co.,  The   131) 

Empire  Bottle  and  Supply  Co   231 

Estey  Wire  Works  Co   163 

Fitzsimons,  M   200 

Forstmann  &  Huffmann  Co   128 

Fougera.  E.  &  Co   137 

Gamewell  Co.,  The   154 

Gibbs  &  Kirby   20 r 

Golding,  John  N   201 

Gude  Bros   184 


Page. 

Hammond,  John  Hayes   219 

Hastings  &  Gleason   215 

Heesch  &  Libbert...   208 

Hermann  Lumber  Co.,  H   150 

Hecker-Jones-Jewcll  Milling  Co  176-177-178 

Feeney  &  Moss,  Inc   161 

Hilton,  J.  Arthur   213 

Hill,  Nicholas  S.,  Jr   227 

Hinman  &  Taylor   132 

Home  Insurance  Company,  The   194 

Hudson  Realty  Company   204 

Huston  &  Asinari   201 

Innis,  Speiden  &  Co   145 

Interstate  Lighterage  &  Transportation  Co   171 

Kalbfleisch,  Franklin  H.  Co   142 

Kirwan,  John  P   202 

Klepetko,  Frank   221 

Klipstein,  A.  &  Company   136 

Lauten  &  Meyer   203 

Lawrence  &  Co   122 

Lawrence  Cement  Co   242 

Lindenthal,  Gustav   224 

Lewis,  H.  &  W.  H   130 

Lewis,  W.  D.  Company   208 

Lipton,  Thomas  J   182 

Loftus,  Thomas  A.  &  Co   209 

McCreery's  Son,  John   172 

McFadden,  Geo.  H.  &  Bro   133 

Mc Williams,  Frank   242 

McVickar,  Gaillard  Realty  Co   200 

Martin,  Samuel  H   201 

Metz,  H.  A.  &  Co  •   141 

Mexican  National  Packing  Co   230 

Miller,  Lem,  Captain   147 

Moran  Towing  &  Transportation  Co   168 

Morse  Dry  Dock  &  Repair  Co   170 

.Mini l'o  &  Co   147 

National  Aniline  &  Chemical  Co   135 

Nix  &  Co.,  John   185 

Nixon,  Lewis   228 

N.  Y.  Commercial   204 

N.  Y.  Commercial,  Job  Dept.   233 

New  York  Dock  Co   167 

New  York  Electrical  Show   153 

New  York  Life  Insurance  Co   196 

Old  Dominion  S.  S.  Co   168 

Pantasote  Co.,  The   162 

Parker,  Wilder  &  Company   125 

Pathe  Freres   155 

Pease  &  E'liman,  Inc   200 

Pe'l.  Osgood  S.  &  Co.,  Inc   203 

Perth  Ambov  Chemical  Works   140 

Pfizer,  Chas."&  Co..  Inc....   138 

Phenix  Insurance  Company  of  Brooklyn.  X.  Y   193 

F'tiinotas  Chemical  Co  r.  '   14S 

Pitz,  John  F.,  Inc   207 

Poulson,    Niels   218 

Powers  Photo-Engraving  Co   197 

Preston,  Lew's  B   Index 

Progressive  Brass  Co   163 

Rapp,  T.  W.  &  Co   206 

Read,  Geo.  R.  &  Co   199 

Reid,  A.  L.  &  Company.:   130 

Reliance   Paint  Company   147 

Richmond  Light  &  Power  Co   239 

Robins  Co..  John  N   17-2 

Roessler  &  Hasslacher  Chemical  Co.,  The   140 

Rogers  &  Thomoson   125 

Ruddock.  Wm.  F   232 

Ruland  &  Whiting  Co   202 

Scull  &  Bowne    (43 

r'1 


Page. 

Scherer  &  Bro.,  Oscar   160 

Scliwab-Kepncr   Co.,  The   132 

Scriven,  J.  A.  Co   13' 

See,   Horace   229 

Sherman  &  Sons  Co   132 

Sherman  &  Sons,  James   173 

Shongood,   Charles   229 

Simmons  Transportation  Co.,  The   172 

Simpson,  William  Sons  &  Co   126 

Skene,  Frederick   226 

Slater  S.  &  Sons,  Inc   133 

Stafford,  G.  A.  &  Co   130 

Standard  Bleachery  Co   129 

Staten  Island  Shipbuilding  Co   238 

Steinway  &  Sons   156 

Stimmel,  Samuel   209 

Taylor  Dredging  Co   171 

Tesla,  Nikola   217 

Thompson,  Vanderpoel  &  Freedman   212 

Tietjcn  &  Lang  Dry  Dock  Co   169 

Townsend,  E.  M.  &  Co   124 

Truax  &  Watson   215 

Trust  Company  of  America.  The   190 

United  States  Leather  Co   158-159 

United  States  Steel  Products  Export  Co   205 

Van  Blunt,  J.  A.  &  Company.  Inc   147 

Van  Clief,  Wm.  S   241 

Warner  Sugar  Refining  Co   188 

White  Tar  Co.,  The   148 

Williams  &  Sons,  Ichabod  T   240 

Williamsburgh  City  Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y....  197 

Wiltsee,  Ernest  Abram   224 

Winslow's  Soothing  Syrup,  Mrs   148 

Wissmann,  F.  de  R   203 

Worsdell  &  Co.,  A.  J   163 

Wright  &  Cobb  Lighterage  Co.,  The   170 

Yereance,   James   229 

Zucca  &  Company   185 


LEWIS  PRESTON 

REAL  ESTATE 

I  65  BROADWAY  TELEPHONE  No.  7475-CORTLANbT  NEW    YORK  CITY 

Specialist  on  investment  properties  in  the    most  prominent  locations  on  Manhattan  Island. 
Expert  supervision  and  complete   management  of  business  buildings  and  apartment  houses 
Special  rates  for  choice  mortages  in  large  amounts. 
Insurance 

New  York  real  estate  to  exchange  for  property  in  other  Cities. 


2  v  r 


